Ch 27 Inquizative (not on final)

What causes the different flavors in alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine?

by-products formed during maltose fermentation

T/F An influx of nitrogen and/or carbon into a water source causes the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) to increase.

True

T/F Climate change is contributing to the spread of West Nile virus in the United States.

True

T/F Constructed wetlands are effective in reducing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).

True

T/F Ocean and/or freshwater microorganisms directly support fish populations.

True

T/F The same processes that aid food preservation can also cause food spoilage.

True

T/F Without bacteria, biogeochemical cycling would halt.

True

T/F Food contamination is the same as food spoilage.

False

How does fermentation preserve food?

Correct Answer(s) -Anaerobic by-products produce chemicals that kill pathogens. -Acid buildup inhibits bacterial growth. -Ammonia raises the pH of food, inhibiting mold growth. Incorrect Answer(s) -Fermentation decreases sugar concentrations, reducing bacterial growth.

Why do some physicians argue that the human colonic microbial community should be considered a new human organ?

Correct Answer(s) -Colonic bacteria make many vitamins and growth factors required for life. -Up to 15% of the human caloric intake is provided by intestinal bacteria. -Bifidobacterium in the human colon regulates the secretion of immunological molecules like cytokines. Incorrect Answer(s) -Bacterial populations in the intestine form complex food webs.

What benefits do fermented foods provide?

Correct Answer(s) -added nutrients -improved food preservation -improved digestibility Incorrect Answer(s) -decreased cooking time

Which of these are microbially produced foods?

Correct Answer(s) -cheese -sauerkraut -chocolate -miso -tempeh -beer Incorrect Answer(s) -milk -orange juice

Primary producers fulfill which key roles in all food webs?

Correct Answer(s) -energy absorption -biomass production Incorrect Answer(s) -decomposition -microbial dissimilation

Which of these factors can contribute to dead zones?

Correct Answer(s) -increase in biochemical oxygen demand -algal blooms -microbial respiration -industrial pollution Incorrect Answer(s) -nitrogen fixation -decrease in biochemical oxygen demand

Which of these processes can cause food spoilage?

Correct Answer(s) -lipid oxidation -dehydration -toxin production -microbial growth -proteolysis Incorrect Answer(s) -proper preservation

Which of the following processes remove organic carbon and nitrogen from wastewater?

Correct Answer(s) -microbial anaerobic -respiration -wetland filtration -microbial aerobic respiration Incorrect Answer(s) -photosynthesis

Which of these represent food spoilage?

Correct Answer(s) -rancid foods -foods that taste "off" but do not cause disease -the presence of microbial pathogens in food -food that contains metabolic products or toxins that may harm humans Incorrect Answer(s) -fresh, ripe fruits

An ocean-dwelling microbe that is able to break down human-generated plastic is an example of which of the following?

Correct Answer(s) -rapid evolution of the microbial genome -an energy-yielding reaction -microbial adaptation to the environment Incorrect Answer(s) -a microbe that was always able to break down plastic

Which of these food preservation methods help with food spoilage but not with food contamination?

Correct Answer(s) -refrigeration -keeping foods in low-acid conditions -anaerobic packaging Incorrect Answer(s) -high-temperature sterilization

Which factors restrict the ability of microorganisms to grow in an ecosystem?

Correct Answer(s) -salinity -oxygen concentration -pH -temperature Incorrect Answer(s) -quorum sensing

Which type of symbiosis describes the following example? Escherichia coli produces vitamin K in the human intestine.

Correct Answer(s) -synergism Incorrect Answer(s) -parasitism -mutualism -amensalism -commensalism

Which factors are used to predict when and where emerging diseases may appear?

Correct Answer(s) -vector and animal movement -weather patterns -changes in urban density -global temperature changes Incorrect Answer(s) (none)

Match each stage of wastewater treatment with its key aspect.

anaerobic respiration -secondary treatment aerobic respiration -secondary treatment screens to remove debris -preliminary treatment screens to remove insoluble particulates -primary treatment chlorination -tertiary treatment microbes forming flocs while decreasing biochemical oxygen demand -secondary treatment

Biogeochemical cycles convert elements from bioavailable forms to inorganic forms. They do this using both biological components (which consume CO2) and ________ components (which often produce CO2). The region of the environment that holds the ________of the element is the _________. Sometimes these can also accept an element, also known as acting as a sink. One example is the _________, which is an important carbon reservoir and sink.

geological majority reservoir ocean

As the trophic level _________, the biomass retained decreases.

increases

What role do microbial predators play during wastewater treatment?

limit the number of swimming microbes

Food-borne infections often lead to which type of epidemic?

point-source epidemic

Farmers sometimes add bacteria to soil to increase the amount of usable nitrogen in the soil. What kind of bacteria might they add?

rhizobia

Interactions between two organisms are best defined by what term?

symbiosis

What process reduces the number of pathogens and the biochemical oxygen demand of water?

wastewater treatment

What type of disease do humans acquire from animals?

zoonosis

T//F Human diseases can be transmitted to animals.

True

Each consumer trophic level in a food web converts approximately how much of biologically usable carbon to carbon dioxide (CO2)?

90%

Drag each process to the box(es) that describe it.

Assimilation -photosynthesis -nitrogen reduction Dissimilation -aerobic respiration -nitrogen reduction -fermentation

Match each example with the appropriate class of symbiosis.

One partner benefits at the expense of the other. -amensalism -parasitism One partner benefits, and the other(s) are not harmed. -commensalism Partner species require each other for symbiosis. -mutualism Partner species both benefit from the interaction. -mutualism -synergism

Identify each preservation method as either chemical or physical.

Physical Means of -Preservation -pasteurization -refrigeration -ionizing radiation -modified atmosphere packaging -dehydration Chemical Means of -Preservation -organic compounds -acid salts -food preservatives

What process uses living microbes to restore a contaminated environment?

bioremediation

After a family reunion this summer, 15 of the 100 people in attendance were hospitalized with shortness of breath, facial paralysis, and other symptoms of Clostridium botulinum (botulism). Which type of food eaten at the family reunion is the likely cause of this outbreak? a. dehydrated tomatoes b. fresh, organic chicken c. all-beef sausages purchased from a grocery store d. home-canned salmon

d. home-canned salmon

Wetlands are the "kidneys" of the environment. This _________ filters _______ wastes and recycles ________, reducing the biological oxygen ________ and producing the greatest _________ of all ecosystems. The carbon stimulates _________ metabolism by ___________, and the high concentration of ________ feeds denitrifying bacterial species.

ecosystem organic nutrients demand biomass anaerobic methanogens nitrogen

Microbial populations exist with other organisms in a(n) _________ where each group of individuals of one species, or _____________, lives in a common location, fulfilling a specific role. This role, or _______, is a set of _______that defines the _______________ in which organisms live and interact with other members of the ecosystem.

ecosystem population niche traits conditions