Ch 28

______ is the physical and chemical breakdown of food in the digestive system.

Digestion

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

Divide the person's weight in kilograms by squared height in meters

For water to move into a cell by osmosis, there must be ______ concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell.

a higher

During a stage of food use called _____, nutrients enter the cells lining the digestive tract and begin moving into the bloodstream.

absorption

Nutrients enter the cells of the digestive tract and move into the bloodstream during which of the following stages of food processing?

absorption

Gastric juice has a low pH (very acidic). Select all of the functions of the acidity of the gastric juice.

activates pepsin denatures proteins kills certain microorganisms

Select reasons why a high-fiber diet is beneficial to human health.

assists in moving food through the digestive tract reduces blood cholesterol reduces risk of colorectal cancer

A(n) _____ is an organism that makes its own food molecules using inorganic materials and an energy source, such as sunlight.

autotroph

Select all of the functions of the small intestine.

complete food digestion absorb nutrients

Select the main functions of the digestive system from the choices listed below.

eliminate undigested waste break down ingested food ingest food absorb small molecules

The function of bile is to

emulsify fat into small droplets to increase surface area for lipase.

Elimination of metabolic wastes is called

excretion.

Several foods can provide ______, which helps food move through the digestive tract.

fiber

An organism that must consume organic molecules to obtain carbon and energy is called a(n)

heterotroph.

Typically, smaller animals have ______ metabolic rates compared to larger animals.

higher

Osmoregulation is the control of ______ in cells.

ion and water concentration

What is the primary excretory organ for the human urinary system?

kidney

cleanses blood and forms urine

kidney

The main functions of the ______ are water absorption and waste elimination.

large intestine

In an animal's diet, micronutrients are required in ______ macronutrients.

lesser amounts than

Select all of the following that are macronutrients.

lipids water proteins carbohydrates

The digestive system has accessory organs, such as the _____ and gallbladder which produce and store bile; salivary glands; and the _____, which produces bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase.

liver; pancreas

Water, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are four

macronutrients.

Excretion is the elimination of

metabolic wastes produced by body cells.

salivary glands and pancreas

produce digestive enzymes

Select the reasons that a balanced diet can deliver long-term health benefits.

reduced risk of heart disease reduced risk of certain cancers reduced risk of osteoporosis reduced risk of type 2 diabetes reduced risk of high blood pressure

Select all of the following that occur in the mouth.

salivary glands secrete saliva salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates mechanical breakdown of food

Completion of food digestion and the majority of nutrient absorption takes place in what long, tubular organ of the digestive system?

small intestine

Ducts from the liver and pancreas release their products into the duodenum of the

small intestine.

neutralize acid from the stomach

sodium bicarbonate

Select all of the following that apply to peristalsis.

stimulated by autonomic nervous system wavelike contractions of smooth muscle helps to churn food, along with enzymes

Gastric juice is produced by the lining of the _____.

stomach

The muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus is called the ____, which produces gastric juice and churns food.

stomach

gallbladder

store bile

The villi and microvilli greatly increase the ______ of the small intestine, which allows for faster absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

surface area

break down polypeptides into amino acids

trypsin

A complete digestive tract of an animal has

two openings, the mouth and the anus.

transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

ureters

The ureter passes urine to the urinary bladder, which is then drained by way of the ______ to the outside of the body.

urethra

conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body

urethra

The liquid waste that is produced by the kidneys after blood is cleansed is called

urine.

The ______ of the gastric juice denatures proteins, kills microorganisms, and activates pepsin.

acidity

Select all of the following that are regulated by the kidneys.

blood pH blood volume

teeth and tongue

breaks down and pushes down

The term gastrointestinal tract is used with a(n) ______ digestive system.

complete

break down DNA into nucleotides

nucleases

Select all the characteristics of a complete digestive tract.

regions of the tract can have specialized functions food passes through in one direction extracts nutrients more efficiently than a gastrovascular cavity

Rank the following steps of food processing in animals from start (at the top) to finish (at the bottom).

1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination

The risk of developing type 2 ______ can be reduced by eating a balanced diet.

diabetes

Minerals and vitamins are types of

micronutrients.

Ingestion and the beginning of digestion take place in an area of the gastrointestinal tract called the ______.

mouth

Select all of the following that are components of gastric juice.

mucus water hydrochloric acid enzymes

Animals require ______ to provide potential energy stored in chemical bonds and chemical building blocks of animal bodies.

nutrients

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals are the six main types of ______ found in food that animals consume.

nutrients

Regulating gain and loss of water and other ions in the cells and animal body is referred to as

osmoregulation.

break down starches

amylase

The mouth and anus are the openings of a(n)

complete digestive system.

The first 25 centimeters of the small intestine is called the

duodenum.

break down fats

lipase

Select all of the functions of the stomach.

continue chemical digestion of food receive food from the esophagus continue mechanical digestion of food

Select the four steps that animals use in processing food.

digestion absorption elimination ingestion

The physical and chemical breakdown of food is called

digestion.

The ______ system is responsible for the ingestion and breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

digestive

Most of the digestive enzymes in the small intestine are produced in the

pancreas.

Select all the important resources that nutrients provide to an animal.

chemical building blocks potential energy stored in the chemical bonds

____ is produced in the liver and aids in fat digestion by breaking fats into little droplets.

Bile

A standard measurement of the amount of energy contained in a food is the

Calorie.

Nutrition labels list a food's energy content in units called _____.

Calories

In proportion to their body weight, hummingbirds consume more food per day than do elephants. Why?

Hummingbirds have a much higher surface area relative to their body mass than an elephant.

True or false: The small intestine releases digestive enzymes that are able to act on short polysaccharides to release simple sugars for absorption.

True

What is the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients?

Macronutrients are required in larger amounts than micronutrients are.

Select all the benefits provided by the trillions of bacteria that are residents of the large intestine.

They prevent infection by harmful microbes. They decompose cellulose and produce vitamins B and K. They break down bile.

An organism that uses inorganic materials and an energy source to build organic molecules is called a(n)

autotroph.

The large intestine contains many beneficial types of

bacteria.

Animals, fungi, and many other microbes are _____, organisms that must consume organic matter to obtain carbon and energy.

heterotrophs

If there is a 10% concentration of salt outside a cell, and a 1% concentration of salt inside the cell, the net movement of water will be

out of the cell.

Smooth muscles underlying the entire digestive tract undergo ______, which are rhythmic waves of contraction.

peristalsis

liver

produces bile

What system filters blood, eliminates nitrogenous wastes, and helps maintain ion concentration of body fluids?

urinary

stores urine before elimination

urinary bladder

The lining of the small intestine is composed of millions of finger-like projections called ______, which are lined with epithelial cells that have extensions of the cell membrane called ______.

villi; microvilli

Select all of the following that are directly absorbed by the small intestine.

vitamins cholesterol amino acids minerals simple sugars

Select all of the following that are micronutrients.

vitamins minerals

Select all the functions of the large intestine.

waste elimination water absorption ion absorption

The kidneys regulate the blood volume by controlling the amount of ______ lost in urine.

water

Select all of the following that the kidneys act to conserve.

water amino acids glucose ions

Select all of the following that are among the main types of nutrients for animals.

water vitamins lipids carbohydrates proteins