Ch 29 Apush

Rust Belt

A swath of the Northeast and Midwest, the country's manufacturing heartland, became the nation's "Rust Belt" strewn with abandoned plants and distressed communities. The automobile, tire, textile, and other consumer durable industries (appliances, electronics, furniture, and the like) all started shrinking in the 1970s.

All in the Family

All in the Family was joined by The Waltons, set during the Great Depression. Good Times, Welcome Back Kotter, and Sanford and Son dealt with poverty in the inner city. The Jeffersons featured an upwardly mobile black couple. Laverne and Shirley focused on young working women in the 1950s and One Day at a Time on working women in the 1970s making do after divorce.

Bakke v. University of California

Allan Bakke, a white man, sued the University of California at Davis Medical School for rejecting him in favor of less-qualified minority-group candidates. Ultimately, the Supreme Court rejected the medical school's quota system, which set aside 16 of 100 places for "disadvantaged" students. The Court ordered Bakke admitted but indicated that a more flexible affirmative action plan, in which race could be considered along with other factors, would still pass constitutional muster. Bakke v. University of California thus upheld affirmative action but, by rejecting a quota system.

The Sexual Revolution

Another such force was what many came to call the "sexual revolution." Hardly revolutionary, sexual attitudes in the 1970s were, in many ways, a logical evolution of developments in the first half of the twentieth century. Beginning in the 1920s, Americans increasingly viewed sex as a component of personal happiness, distinct from reproduction.

South Baptist

Convention, the largest Protestant denomination, grew by 23 percent, while the Assemblies of God grew by an astounding 300 percent. Newsweek magazine declared 1976 "The Year of the Evangelical," and that November the nation made Jimmy Carter the nation's first evangelical president.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Griswold struck down an 1879 state law prohibiting the possession of contraception as a violation of married couples' constitutional "right of privacy." Griswold struck down an 1879 state law prohibiting the possession of contraception as a violation of married couples' constitutional "right of privacy."

Jimmy Carter

Helped with human rights, gave panama canal to panama, Stopped recognizing taiwan as China.

Proposition 13

In 1978, Jarvis proposed Proposition 13, an initiative that would roll back property taxes, cap future increases for present owners, and require that all tax measures have a two-thirds majority in the legislature. Despite opposition by virtually the entire state leadership, including politicians from both parties, Californians voted overwhelmingly for Jarvis's measure.

"The moral equivalent to war"

In a major TV address, Carter lectured Americans about the nation's "crisis of the spirit." He called energy conservation "the moral equivalent of war"—or, in the media's shorthand, "MEOW," which aptly captured the nation's assessment of Carter's sermonizing. By then, his approval rating had fallen below 30 percent. And it was no wonder, given an inflation rate over 11 percent, failing industries, and long lines at the pumps. It seemed the worst of all possible economic worlds, and the first-term president could not help but worry about the political costs to him and his party

Roe v. Wade

In that landmark decision, the justices nullified a Texas law that prohibited abortion under any circumstances, even when the woman's health was at risk, and laid out a new national standard: Abortions performed during the first trimester were protected by the right of privacy.

Stagflation

Inflation remains high and so does unemployment

Jim and Tammy Baker

Jim and Tammy Bakker's PTL (Praise the Lord) Club were the leading pioneers in this televised race for American souls,

Sun Belt

One of the most significant developments of the post-World War II era was the growth of the Sun Belt. Sparked by federal spending for military bases, the defense industry, and the space program, states of the South and Southwest experienced an economic boom in the 1950s. This growth was further enhanced in the 1970s, as the heavily industrialized regions of the Northeast and Midwest declined, and migrants from what was quickly dubbed the "Rust Belt" headed to the South and West in search of jobs.

Fourth Great Awakening

One such awakening, the fourth in U.S. history, took shape in the 1970s and 1980s. It had many elements, but one of its central features was a growing concern with the family. And a christian religious awakenig

Oral Roberts

Oral Roberts and Jimmy Swaggart—followed them onto the airwaves. Together, they made the 1970s and 1980s the era of Christian broadcasting.

Phyllis Schafly

Phyllis Schlafly, a lawyer long active in conservative causes. Despite her own flourishing career, Schlafly advocated traditional roles for women. The ERA, she proclaimed, would create an unnatural "unisex society," with women drafted into the army and forced to use single-sex toilets. Abortion, she alleged, could never be prohibited by law. Led by Schlafly's organization, STOP ERA, thousands of women mobilized, showing up at statehouses with home-baked bread and apple pies.

Oil Embargo

Resentful of U.S. support for Israel, the Arab states in OPEC declared an oil embargo in October 1973. Gas prices in the United States quickly jumped by 40 percent, and heating oil prices by 30 percent. Demand outpaced supply, and Americans found themselves parked for hours in mile-long lines at gasoline stations for much of the winter of 1973-1974. Oil had become a political weapon, and the West's vulnerability stood revealed.

Deindustrialization

The dismantling of manufacturing — especially in the automobile, steel, and consumer-goods industries — in the decades after World War II, representing a reversal of the process of industrialization that had dominated the American economy from the 1870s through the 1940s. Struck hardest by this were the nation's "Rust Belt" of manufacturing states, which stretched from the Northeast through the Great Lakes region and the Upper Midwest. This long-term process began in the 1950s, but only drew national attention in the 1970s and 1980s.

New York City

Unable to borrow on the tightening international bond market, New York neared collapse in the summer of 1975; bankruptcy was a real possibility. When Mayor Abraham Beame appealed to the federal government for assistance, President Ford refused. "Ford to City: Drop Dead" read the headline in the New York Daily News. Fresh appeals ultimately produced a solution: the federal government would lend New York money, and banks would declare a three-year moratorium on municipal debt

OPEC

When Middle Eastern states threw off the remnants of European colonialism, they demanded concessions for access to the fields. Foreign companies still extracted the oil, but now they did so under profit-sharing agreements with the Persian Gulf states. In 1960, these nations and other oil-rich developing countries formed a cartel (a business association formed to control prices), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Court-Ordered Busing

Where schools remained highly segregated, the courts increasingly endorsed the strategy of busing students to achieve integration.

John Cougar Mellencamp

^^^^^^^^

Harvey Milk

became the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in the United States, when he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.

Rachel Carson / Silent Spring

biologist Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, a stunning analysis of the pesticide DDT's toxic impact on the human and natural food chains.

Jerry Falwell

emerged as the champions of a morality-based political agenda during the late 1970s. Falwell, founder of Liberty University and host of the Old Time Gospel Hour television program, established the Moral Majority in 1979.

Affirmative Action

hiring and enrollment goals, special recruitment and training programs, and set-asides (specially reserved slots) for both racial minority groups and women. Affirmative action, however, did not please many whites, who felt that the deck was being stacked against them.

EPA

on the heels of the Santa Barbara oil spill, Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act, which created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A bipartisan bill with broad support, including that of President Nixon, the law required developers to file environmental impact statements assessing the effect of their projects on ecosystems. A spate of new laws followed: the Clean Air Act (1970), the Occupational Health and Safety Act (1970), the Water Pollution Control Act (1972), and the Endangered Species Act (1973).

Televangelists

televangelists built huge media empires through small donations from millions of avid viewers—not to mention advertising.

Milken v. Bradley

the Supreme Court reversed the ruling in Detroit, requiring busing plans to remain within the boundaries of a single school district.

Bowers v. Hardwick

the Supreme Court upheld a Georgia sodomy statute that criminalized same-sex sexual acts. The majority opinion held that homosexuality was contrary to "ordered liberty" and that extending sexual privacy to gays and lesbians "would be to cast aside millennia of moral teaching."

Three Mile Island

the reactor core at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, came close to meltdown. More than 100,000 people fled their homes. A prompt shutdown saved the plant, but the near catastrophe enabled environmentalists to win the battle over nuclear energy. After the incident at Three Mile Island, no new nuclear plants were authorized, though a handful with existing authorization were built in the 1980s. Today, nuclear reactors account for 20 percent of all U.S. power generation—substantially less than several European nations, but still fourth in the world.

ERA

the women's movement renewed the fight for an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution. First introduced in 1923, the ERA stated, in its entirety, "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on the basis of sex." Vocal congressional women, such as Patsy Mink (D-HI), Bella Abzug (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), found enthusiastic male allies—among both Democrats and Republicans—and Congress adopted the amendment in 1972.

Bruce Springsteen

who became stars by turning the hardscrabble lives of people in small towns and working-class communities into rock anthems that filled arenas.

Break Dancing

working-class African American men experimenting with dance and musical forms invented break dancing and rap music—styles that expressed both the hardship and the creativity of working-class black life in the deindustrialized American city.