Ch 29 Life Cycles of Flowering Plants

Perfect Flower

A flower that has both stamens and carpels, so they can potentially pollinate themselves.

Imperfect Flower

A flower that is either male or a female.

Imperfect Flower

A flower that lacks either a stamen or a carpel.

Incomplete Flower

A flower that lacks one or more of these structures (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels)

Complete Flower

A flower with all four sets of modified leaves (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels)

Calyx

A flower's outer, protective whorl of sepals.

Corolla

A flower's whorl of petals; forms within sepals and encloses reproductive organs.

Seed

A mature ovule

Asexual Reproduction

A new plant forms from a stem that broke off of the parent plant. This is an example of _____

Endosperm

A nutritious tissue that forms only in seeds of flowering plants

Germinate

A pollen grain that lands on a receptive stigma _____, which means it resumes metabolic activity after dormancy.

Flower

A reproductive structure of an angiosperm.

Fruit

A seed-containing mature ovary, often with fleshy tissues that developed from the ovary wall as the seed formed.

Anther

A typical _____ consists of four pouches called pollen sacs.

Whorls

A typical flower consists of four rings (_____) of modified leaves.

Anther

A typical stamen is a thin filament with an _____ at the tip.

Ovule

After fertilization, develops into seed

Nectar

An animal pollinator may be rewarded by _____ when it visits a flower of a coevolved plant.

Composite Flower

An inflorescence of many flowers (florets) clustered as a single head.

Pollinator

Animal pollination vector

Pollination Vector

Animals or environmental agents that transfer pollen from anther to stigma.

Inflorescence

Cluster of blossoms (flowers)

Embryo Sporophytes

Cotyledons develop as part of _____

Irregular Flower

Not radially symmetrical

Endosperm

Nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants.

Ovule

Of a seed plant, the part of the carpel where the female gametophyte forms.

Megaspore

Of seed plants, haploid spore that forms in an ovule and gives rise to an egg-producing gametophyte.

Microspore

Of seed plants, haploid spore that gives rise to a pollen grain.

Anther

Part of the stamen that produces pollen grains.

Sepal

Photosynthetic and inconspicuous; they enclose and protect internal tissues before the flower opens.

Mature male gametophyte

Pollen tube together with its contents

Regular Flower

Radially symmetric, which means if it were cut like a pie, the pieces would be roughly identical.

Types of Modified Leaves

Sepal Petal Stamen Carpel

Flower

Specialized reproductive structure of an angiosperm.

Stigma

The upper region of a carpel is a sticky or hairy _____ that is specialized to receive pollen grains.

Germinate

To resume metabolic activity after dormancy.

True

True or False? -Exposure to light, cold and smoke can trigger seed germination.

Petal

Typically the largest and most brightly colored parts of a flower.

Style

Typically, the stigma sits on top of a slender stalk called a _____

Sepal

Unit of a flower's calyx; typically photosynthetic and inconspicuous.

Petal

Unit of a flower's corolla; often showy and conspicuous.

Stigma

Upper part of a carpel; adapted to receive pollen.

Pollination Vector

Wind currents, insects, birds or other animals, are agents that bring pollen grains to female floral parts.

Pollination

_____ is the arrival of pollen on a stigma or other pollen-receiving reproductive part of a seed plant.

Stamen

-floral reproductive organ that consists of an anther and, in most species, a filament

Pistil

A carpel (or a compound structure that consists of multiple fused carpels) is commonly called a _____

Microspore

Meiosis of cells in pollen sacs forms haploid _____

Double Fertilization

Fertilization as it occurs in flowering plants. Two cells are fertilized; One sperm cell fuses with the egg to form the zygote; the second sperm cell fuses with the central cell to form a triploid (3n) cell that gives rise to endosperm.

Carpel

Floral reproductive organ that produces the female gametophyte; consists of an ovary, stigma, and usually a style.

Double Fertilization

Flowering plants undergo _____, in which one of the sperm cells delivered by the pollen tube fuses with (fertilizes) the egg and forms a diploid zygote. The other sperm cell fuses with the central cell to form a triploid (3n) cell.

Pollination Syndrome

Flowers of angiosperm species that depend on the same pollinator often share a certain set of traits called a _____

Double Fertilization

Formation of zygote and first cell of endosperm

Vegetative Reproduction

Growth of new roots and shoots from extensions or fragments of a parent plant; a form of asexual reproduction.

Microspore

Haploid spore that gives rise to a pollen grain.

Megaspore

Haploid spore that gives rise to an egg-producing gametophyte.

Pollen Grains

Immature male gametophytes that form inside pollen sacs.

Cross Pollinate

Imperfect flowers must _____

Ovary

In flowering plants, the enlarged base of a carpel, inside which one or more ovules form.

Anthers; Carpels

In flowers, the structures that produce male gametophytes are called _____; the structures that produce female gametophytes are called _____

Stamen

Inside the corolla is a whorl of _____, the reproductive organs that produce the plant's male gametophytes.

Corolla

Just inside the calyx is the _____, which is a ring of petals.

Male

Male or Female? -Anther

Female

Male or Female? -Carpel

Female

Male or Female? -Ovary

Female

Male or Female? -Ovule

Male

Male or Female? -Stamen

Female

Male or Female? -Stigma

Vegetative Reproduction

Many flowering plants can reproduce asexually by a natural process called _____, in which new roots and shoots grow from extensions or pieces of a parent plant.

Nectar

Many flowers exude a sweet fluid called _____ that is prized by many pollinators.

Fruit

Mature ovary of a flowering plant, often with accessory parts; encloses a seed or seeds.

Seed

Mature ovule of an angiosperm. Consists of an embryo sporophyte, nutritive tissue, and a protective seed coat.

Pollination Syndrome

Suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection.

Nectar

Sweet fluid exuded by some flowers; rewards pollinators.

Receptacle

Swollen stem; base of a flower

Embryo, food reserves, and seed coat

The _____ are parts of a mature seed.

Carpel

The _____ of a flower contains one or more ovaries in which eggs develop, fertilization occurs, and seeds mature.

Pollination

The arrival of pollen grains on a receptive stigma is called _____

Pollination

The arrival of pollen on a pollen-receiving reproductive part of a seed plant.

Pollination Vector

The diversity of flower form reflects a dependence on _____

Ovary

The lower, swollen region of a carpel

Carpel

The modified leaves making up a flower's innermost whorl fold and fuse into one or more _____.

Calyx

The outermost whorl is a _____, which is a ring of leaflike sepals.

Receptacle

The parts of a flower are modified leaves that develop from a thickened region of stem called a _____

Integuments

The seed coat forms the _____

Mature female gametophyte

consists of seven cells, one with two nuclei

Plumule

embryonic shoot

Anther

pollen sacs inside