Ch. 29 Quiz

_______: The largest of the leukocytes; approximately twice the size of red blood cells (see Figure 29.4e). Represents 3% to 8% of the leukocyte population. Dark blue nucleus is generally kidney-shaped; abundant cytoplasm stains gray-blue. They increase dramatically in number during chronic infections such as tuberculosis.

Monocyte

In many cases, these antigens are accompanied by plasma proteins, called _______ or _______, that react with RBCs bearing different antigens, causing them to be clumped, agglutinated, and eventually hemolyzed. It is because of this phenomenon that a person's blood must be carefully typed before a whole blood or packed cell transfusion.

antibodies, agglutinins

Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as __________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.

antigens

Three types of formed elements are present in blood. Most numerous are _______, or _______, which are literally sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport the bulk of the oxygen carried in the blood (and a small percentage of the carbon monoxide).

erythrocytes, red blood cells (RBCs)

Thrombin then acts enzymatically to polymerize the soluble _______ proteins (present in plasma) into insoluble ______, which forms a meshwork of strands that traps the RBCs and forms the basis of the clot. Normally, blood removed from the body clots within 2 to 6 minutes.

fibrinogen, fibrin

When determining the ___________, you will centrifuge whole blood in order to allow the formed elements to sink to the bottom of the sample.

hematocrit

The ________, or ______________, is routinely determined when anemia is suspected.

hematocrit, packed cell volume (PCV)

______: Least abundant leukocyte type representing less than 1% of the population; large U- or S-shaped nucleus with two or more indentations. Cytoplasm contains coarse, sparse granules that are stained deep purple by the basic dyes in Wright's stain (see Figure 29.4c). The granules contain several chemicals, including histamine, a vasodilator that is discharged on exposure to antigens and helps mediate the inflammatory response. Basophils are about the size of neutrophils.

Basophil

________ are the leukocytes responsible for releasing histamine and other mediators of inflammation.

Basophils

______ ______, or _________, is a protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are ruptured.

Blood clotting, coagulation

______: Represents 2% to 4% of the leukocyte population; nucleus is generally figure-8 or bilobed in shape; contains large cytoplasmic granules (elaborate lysosomes) that stain red-orange with the acid dyes in Wright's stain (see Figure 29.4b). Eosinophils are about the size of neutrophils and play a role in counterattacking parasitic worms. Eosinophils have complex roles in many other diseases, especially in allergy and asthma.

Eosinophil

(True or False) There are no special precautions that I need to observe when performing today's lab.

False

Functions of blood are classified into two major groups. ________ make up the first group. The granules in their cytoplasm stain deferentially with Wright's stain and they have peculiarly lobed nuclei, which often consist of expanded nuclear regions connected by thin strans of nucleoplasm.

Granulocytes

_______, a malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBCs accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets, is detectable not only by a total WBC count but also by a differential WBC count.

Leukemia

________, or ________, are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and immune system.

Leukocytes, white blood cells (WBCs)

__________, an abnormally high WBC count, may indicate bacterial or viral infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, or poisoning by drugs or chemicals.

Leukocytosis

________: The smallest of the leukocytes, approximately the size of a red blood cell (see Figure 29.4d). The nucleus stains dark blue to purple, is generally spherical or slightly indented, and accounts for most of the cell mass.

Lymphocyte

______: The most abundant of the white blood cells (50% to 70% of the leukocyte population); nucleus consists of 3 to 6 lobes and the pale lilac cytoplasm contains fine cytoplasmic granules, which are generally indistinguishable and take up both the acidic (red) and basic (blue) dyes (neutrophil = neutral loving) (Figure 29.4a); functions as an active phagocyte. The number of these increases exponentially during acute infections.

Neutrophil

________ are essential for blood clotting.

Platelets

________ function in hemostasis (blood clot formation); together they make up <1% of whole blood.

Platelets

(True or False) If an individual is transfused with the wrong blood type, the recipient's antibodies react with the donor's antigens, eventually clumping and hemolyzing the donated RBCs.

True

Functions of blood are classified into two major groups. The second group, _________, or _______, contains no visible cytoplasmic granules. Although found in the bloodstream, they are much more abundant in lymphoid tissues. Their nuclei tend to be closer to the norm, that is, spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.

agranulocutes, agranular leukocytes

The term ______ simply indicates a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood that may result from a decrease in RBC number or size or a decreased hemoglobin content of the RBCs.

anemia

Blood typing is a system of blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane. Such proteins are called ________, or _________, and are genetically determined.

antigens, agglutinogens

How long the bleeding lasts is referred to as _____ ____ and tests the ability of platelets to stop bleeding in capillaries and small vessels.

bleeding time

Important to their protective function is their ability to move in and out of blood vessels, a process called ______, and to wander through the body tissues by ______ ______ to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction.

diapedesis, amoeboid motion

To make a _____________________, 100 WBCs are counted and classified according to type. Such a count is routine in a physical examination and in diagnosing illness, since any abnormality or significant elevation in percentages of WBC types may indicate a problem or the source of pathology.

differential white blood cell count

Mature ___________ are the most numerous blood cells and do not have a nucleus.

erythrocytes

A decrease in the white cell number below 4000/mm3 _________ may indicate typhoid fever, measles, infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, or excessive antibiotic or X-ray therapy.

leukopenia

The normal hematocrit value for __________ is generally higher than that of the opposite sex.

males

Platelets are cell fragments of large multinucleate cells __________ formed in the bone marrow. They appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies interspersed among the blood cells (see Figure 29.3). The normal platelet count in blood ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter. Platelets are instrumental in the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured.

megakaryocytes

The least numerous but largest of all agranulocytes is the:

monocytes

Blood is classified as a type of CT because if consists of a nonliving fluid matrix known as _____ in which living cells called ______ _______ are suspended.

plasma, formed elements

Three types of formed elements found in blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and ________.

platelets

An increase in the number of RBCs may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes where less oxygen is available is called?

polycythemia

Tissue factor and PF3 interact with other blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions to form _______ ________, which in turn converts ________ (present in plasma) to _________.

prothrombin activator, prothrombin, thrombin

The injured tissues and platelets release __________ and ____ respectively, which trigger the clotting mechanism, or cascade.

tissue factor (TF), PF3

A _________ or total _______ determines the total number of that cell type per unit volume of blood.

total WBC count, total RBC count

The disease process in which the body's blood vessels become increasingly occluded, or blocked, by plaques.

Atherosclerosis