CH. 3 AP. HUG KABAT
Discuss US immigration patterns (figure 3-8 on page 87). AND Colonial immigration from England and Africa.
1840s- Irish 1850s- German Dip in 1860s from Civil War 1870- Swedes and Norwegians Peak in 1900- Italian, Russian, Hungarian, Polish (south and eastern Europe) Drop before 1900- roman catholicism in the south, religious diffusion, beginning of South and Eastern Europe 1930s- Great Depression 1990- Asia and Latin America Most Africans were forced as slaves Europeans were voluntary migrants- although harsh economic conditions and persecution in Europe blurred the distinction between forced and voluntary migration for many Europeans About 1 million Europeans migrated to the American colonies like Jamestown, Virginia prior to independence, and another million from the late 1700s until 1840. Most European immigrants came from Great Britain Most African Americans are descendants of Africans forced to migrate to the Western Hemisphere as slaves... was made illegal in 1808
Discuss Nineteenth Century immigration (1840s,1850s,1870s,1880s,1900-1914)
40 million Europeans immigrated to the US...the remainder went to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa, and South America where farming methods used in Europe could be easily transported because of the temperate climate. Germany has sent the largest number of immigrants to the US. Other major European sources include Italy, United Kingdom, Ireland, and Russia. Many immigrants from Poland migrated to the US when Poland did not exist as an independent country. Therefore, most were considered immigrants of Germany, Russia, or Austria.
Distinguish between economic migrants and refugees in Cuba, Haiti and Vietnam.
Cuba- US government regarded emigrants from Cuba as political refugees after the 1959 revolution that brought the communist government of Fidel Castro where the Cuban government took control of privately owned businesses and political opponents were jailed. A second flood came to Florida in 1980 when Castro suddenly decided to permit political prisoners, criminals, and mental patients to leave the country. Now, most Cubans are considered immigrants because they are permanently here and have no plans of returning. Haiti- Haitians sailed to America looking for economic advancement but they were not allowed in because they were not refugees. Under dictatorship of Papa Doc Haitians were allowed into US as refugees. In 1991 there was a new election and political persecution ended. However, many Haitians still immigrate to the US, but they not longer come as refugees. Vietnam- South Vietnam was taken over by Communist North Vietnam. Us helped South Vietnamese people escape as refugees. In the late 1980s more South Vietnamese people immigrated but this was long after the Vietnam War so the people were not considered refugees but they were considered immigrants.
Historical regions for migration between regions of a country: Brazil (Brasilia).
Encourage interregional migration from coast cities like Rio and Sao Paulo to Brazil's tropical interior. Moved capital to Brasilia which is in the interior of Brazil instead of close to the coast. It is meant to encourage interregional migration. Thousands of people have moved to Brasilia in search of jobs. Many people can not afford housing in Brasilia so they live in shacks on the outskirts of the city.
Historical regions for migration between regions of a country: India.
Indians require a permit to migrate or even to visit the State of Assam in the northeastern part of the country ...designed to protect the ethnic identity of Assamese by limiting the ability of outsiders to compete for jobs and purchase land Assam is on the border of Bangladesh
Migration from urban to rural areas (counter-urbanization)
Migration from urban to rural areas: (counter-urbanization) In MDCs more people immigrated into rural areas then emigrated out of them Lifestyle reasons- more space and peace , earn living by working in small town shops or industries not farming/ agriculture such as in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming
Discuss recent immigration from LDCs (Asia and Latin America)
More than 3/4 of recent US immigrants have originated from Asia or Latin America Asia: 3 leading sources of US immigrants are from China, India, and Philippines Latin America: Nearly one half million emigrate to to the US annually from Latin America, more than twice as many as during the entire nineteenth Officially, Mexico passed Germany in 2006 as the country that has sent to US the most immigrants ever. In the early 1990s, an unusually large number of immigrants came from Mexico and other Latin American countries as a result of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, which issued visas to several hundred thousand people who had entered the United States in previous years without legal documents. Pattern of immigration to the US has changed from Europe to Asia to Latin America the reasons for immigrating has remained the same. People are pushed by poor conditions at home and lured by economic opportunity and social advancement in the US. Europeans came in 19th century because they saw US as a place to escape from land shortages and rapid population increase. Reasons for settling in US is the same but US has changed greatly.... no longer sparsely settled, economically booming country with large supply of unclaimed land United states became a "united" and contiguous land mass in 1912 which is the same year European immigration began decreasing.
Historical reasons for migration between regions of a country: United States
Prominent example of large- scale internal migration is the opening of the American West Colonial Settlement- settlements all near Atlantic Coast...few colonists ventured far from coast where they depended on shipping with Europe intervening obstacle- Appalachian Mtns and Indians blocked people from migrating west early settlement in the interior- transportation improvements like canals opened interior in 1800s (Erie canal between NYC and Great Lakes) Encouraged by opportunity to buy large chunk of land for small price moved into area between App. mt. and Mississippi river Migration to California- Gold Rush in late 1840s passed through Great Plains because of dry climate and unfit for farming Settlement of the Great Plains- advances in agricultural technology...barbed wire, steel plow, windmills, drilling to pump water and expansion of railroads Recent growth of the south- migrated for job opportunities and environmental conditions, "sunbelt" temperate climate, newly established companies
US net migration by country Figure 3-22 on page 100 (Where do we see net- in migration? Where do we see net- out migration) Why?
Rural countries experienced net- in migration like in Rocky Mountain states (counterurbanization...more people moving from urban regions to rural regions) Net- out migration in Great Plains (agriculture has been hurt by poor agricultural conditions.
Historical reasons for migration between regions of a country: Indonesia.
Since 1969, government pays for people to leave densely populated islands like Java and move to less populated islands. Families receive one- way air ticket, 2 hectares of land, materials to build a house, seeds and pesticides, and food.
Impacts of immigration on the United States (European influences, unauthorized immigration, where do immigrants locate once in the US?)
The era of massive European migration to US ended in 1914 with the start of World War I As population increased due to industrial revolution, in stage 2 of demographic transition, Europeans began to migrate to US. People who remained in Europe and didn't migrate enjoyed economic and social benefits from Industrial Revolution. because it is now in stage 4, the US is no longer a safety valve for Europeans. Europeans brought their cultural heritage to US... Indo-European languages are now spoken, Christianity, European art, literature (Shakespeare), philosophy, and ethics Regions like Australia and North America were sparsely inhabited before European immigration European political structures and economic systems have also diffused to these regions. Economies in Africa and Asia became based on raising crops to export to Europe instead of growing crops for local consumption. Many of today's conflicts in former European colonies result from past practices by European immigrants such as drawing arbitrary boundary lines and discriminating among different local ethnic groups.
Arguments for and against the "Fence on the U.S-Mexico Border (pg.91)
Trump wants it to finish for Illegal Immigration Law, minutemen live close by and don't like having illegal immigrants so close to where they live, number of illegal immigrants and drug lords coming in, to block terrorists against: taxpayers pay for it over 49 billion dollars, land of freedom and immigration and we are stopping immigration- land of no boundaries, separates animals from habitat, more illegal immigrants die because of dessert, put fence in wrong spot, caused flooding, no using natural border of Rio Grande, needs lots of repairs
Cultural Challenges faced while living into there countries (U.S. attitudes towards immigrants, European attitudes toward Guest Workers.)
US attitudes toward Immigrants: Regarded new arrivals with suspicion. Tempered their dislike in 19th century because immigrants helped to settle the frontier and extend US control across the continent. Converted forests and prairies to productive farms By early 20th century most Americans saw the frontier as closed and therefore entry into the country should be closed as well. Dislike increased when most immigrants were no longer coming from Northern and Western Europe...Southern and Eastern Europeans poured in Recently, mad citizens in California want to deny unauthorized citizens the right to use public services like day care, public schools, and health clinics European Attitudes toward Guest workers: guest workers suffer poor social conditions, guest workers are usually young men who come alone with little money his primary objective is to send home as much money as possible Both guest workers and their host country regard their stay as temporary ...in reality, many guest workers remain indefinitely and are joined by relatives and open small businesses These businesses can fill a need in European cities by remaining open on weekends and evenings when most other stores are closed Western Europeans dislike guest workers and oppose any improvements on their living conditions Middle east fear that increasing number of guest workers will spark political unrest and abandonment of Islamic customs Middle East force migrants to come home if they wish to marry to prevent them from returning to their host country when they are married with children High unemployment and limited job opportunities because of the recession has reduced number of guest workers that choose to stay permanently
Immigration policies of host countries (U.S. quota laws, temporary migration for work in Europe and Middle East).
Unrestricted immigration ended in 1921 when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and National Origins Act in 1924 established quotas or maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the US from each country a one year period...2% of number could immigrate each year. Quota laws were designed to ensure that most immigrants to the US continued to be Europeans Americans were concerned by the prospect of millions of Asians flooding to the pacific coast Following the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, hemisphere quotas were created In 1978, hemisphere quotas were replaced by global quotas Numerous of exceptions and preferences: if you have family to re-unite with, skilled workers, talented professionals, refugees, family of US citizens, well-educated Asians, brain gain Chain migrations: well- educated Asians, family-reunification preferences, and more distant relatives People unable to migrate permanently to a new country for employment opportunities may be allowed to migrate temporarily...guest workers in Europe and Middle East and time-contract workers in Asia Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Hemisphere and Middle East are known as guest workers- In Europe guest workers are protected by minimum- wage laws Guest workers play a useful role in Western Europe because they take low skilled jobs that local residents won't accept ...drive buses,collect garbage, repair streets, wash dishes Guest worker's native country
Reasons for migration within one region (intra- regional migration, Figure 3-21 page 100)
Worldwide, most prominent type of interregional migration is from rural to urban areas. In the US, most prominent is cities to suburbs. Lifestyle factors- closer to workplace, quieter, more peaceful, more space, better schools, family status
Reasons for migrating (push and pull) and intervening obstacles
economic push: fewer job opportunities economic pull: more job availability... Europeans to US "gold paved" cultural push: forced as slaves, refugees, political instability and cultural diversity environmental push: too much/too little water, floodplains, natural disasters, Sahara= not water environmental pull: physically attractive, mountains, seasides, warm climates, Rocky Mt. lure Americans
Contributions of Ravenstein and his laws of migration in regards to distance migration, specifically internal migration, and international migration
economic reasons cultural or environmental reasons secondary most migration is short distance Long distance migration is usually to economic centers most are males most are individuals no families in their working years Ravenstein's laws state that distance is very important. Most migrants move a far distance internationally. For example, Mexicans coming to US. Immigrants that travel a short distance travels to economic centers internally. For example, a person could move from a rural area to an urban area.
Global migration patterns: which countries are classified as net- in migration and which ones are net- out migration. (figure 3-7 map on pg 86). Connect these countries to push and pull factors (economic and cultural).
net-out: Asia, Africa, Latin America push factor: stage 2 countries with no a lot of job opportunities, exponential population growth, escaping political instability/ harsh governments net-in: North America, Europe, Oceania pull factor: stage 3 and 4 countries with moderate to low population growth, many job opportunities, stable governments
Historical reasons for migration between regions of a country: Europe.
principal flow of interregional migration is from the east and south to the west and north. This pattern reflects the relatively low incomes and bleak job prospects in the eastern and southern Europe. wealthy Western European countries received many immigrants from their former colonies in Africa and Asia Communist countries like Bolivia migrate to Western Europe like Spain Italians migrate from the south to the north where economic conditions are stronger Deep recession discouraged further in- migration to Ireland and Scotland
Migration from rural to urban areas
rural to urban: (urbanization)began in 1800s in Europe and North America as a part of an industrial revolution. 3/4 of people in the US and other MDCs live in urban areas urbanization has recently diffused to LDCs especially in Asia Like interregional migrants, most people who move from rural to urban areas seek economic advancement... pushed from rural areas by declining opportunity in agriculture
Historical reasons for migration between regions of a country: Russia (Soviet Union)
soviet policy encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than near existing population concentrations Not enough workers lived nearby to fill all the jobs at the mines, factories, and construction sites established in resource-rich regions. Therefore, Soviet Union had to stimulate interregional migration. Soviet officials were especially eager to develop Russia's Far North, which included much of Siberia because it is rich in resources- fossil fuels, minerals, and forests Forced people to migrate to Far North to operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines Later, Soviet Union encouraged voluntary migration instead of forcing people with higher wages, paid holidays, earlier retirement Incentives failed to pull as many migrants as officials desired people reluctant because of harsh climate and remoteness of population clusters Migrants usually ended up moving out of Far North and had to be replaced by other immigrants usually males of working age temporarily working sent brigade called Komsomol during school vacations to help construct projects...like railroads collapse of Soviet Union ended policies that encourage interregional migration no longer dictate optimal locations for factories
Wilbur Zelinsky's contribution of migration transition and how it compares to demographic transition model.
stage 1: high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food stage 2: interregional: rural to urban, international due to technology change and more jobs in big cities. stage 3 and 4: stage 2 countries and intra regional cities to suburbs
Migration from urban to suburban areas
urban to suburban: (suburbanization) most intraregional migration to MDCs is from cities to surrounding suburbs people are pulled by a suburban lifestyle- better schools, driveways to park automobiles Farms are turned into housing developments
Population pyramids reflect trends in migration patterns.
when there is a healthy pyramid shape there is a high amount of emigration and a low amount of immigration when there is an upside down pyramid or column there is much more immigration than emigration