Ch 3 cells n tissues

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino Acids

interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

This network of proteins forms an internal framework for the cell.

The cytoskeleton

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Non-polar

a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal

Which nitrogen-containing bases bond with which other nitrogen-containing bases?

adenine (A) and thymine (T) pair together, and cytosine (C) and guanine (G) pair together.

What are the 4 nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA?

adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine.

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Where in the cell does translation occur?

cytoplasm and ribosome

Polar

describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated

What are the types of living cells found in connective tissues?

fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, adipocytes, and leukocytes.

Cell life cycle (stages)

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

What is the site of ribosome assembly?

nucleolus

phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

Groups of cells similar in structure and function are called___________.

tissues

This organelle packages proteins for export from the cell.

A Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus

What is the end result of translation?

A polypeptide chain (protein)

endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

aquaporins

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

passive vs active transport

Active transport moves molecules and ions from lower concentration to higher concentration with the help of energy in the form of ATP. On the other hand, passive transport moves molecules and ions from a higher concentration to lower concentration without any energy.

Know the structures and organelles of a generalized cell and their functions.

An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins.

What is the cellular material called that is located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane?

Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol? (Yes, there is a difference.)

Cytosol is known as the matrix of the cytoplasm. It surrounds the cell organelles in eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, all the metabolic reactions occur here. Thus, we can infer that while cytosol is the fluid contained in the cell cytoplasm, cytoplasm is the entire content within the cell membrane.

What is the end result of transcription?

DNA is converted to a strand of mRNA to be translated in the ribosome.

How are DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, and genes related?

DNA, genes and chromosomes work together to make you who you are. Chromosomes carry DNA in cells. Chromatin is the thread-like structure that forms the chromosomes

Tendons and ligaments are made of what type of connective tissue?

Dense connective tissue is what makes up tendons and ligaments and consist of a higher density of collagen fibers.

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

simple diffusion

Diffusion that doesn't involve a direct input of energy or assistance by carrier proteins.

What type of epithelium would you expect to find in an area where there is a lot of wear and tear, or abrasion?

If the squamous epithelial tissue has more than one layer of squamous epithelial cells, it is called stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas of your body that experience a lot of "wear and tear"

What are polypeptides?

Long strands of amino acids.

These organelles are membranous sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes for detoxification.

Lysosomes

What is the function of mRNA?

Messenger RNA carries copies of the genetic instructions from DNA to other parts of the cell.

This organelle is responsible for making the majority of ATP in a cell. It is sometimes called the powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle cells/tissue as compared to cardiac muscle cells/tissue as compared to smooth muscle cells/tissue?

Muscle tissue can be categorized into skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control. Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations.

This organelle functions in lipid metabolism

Peroxisomes

These small tunnels connect two cells allowing quick passage of small molecules from one cell to the next.

Plasmodesmata are tunnels that pass through the cell wall between adjacent cells and connect the cytoplasms

Where are the various types of muscle tissue located in body?

Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines), except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton.

Heads

The "head" of the molecule contains the phosphate group and is hydrophilic, meaning that it will dissolve in water.

Tails

The "tail" of the molecule is made up of two fatty acids, which are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.

This organelle prepares secretory vesicles for export from the cell.

The Golgi apparatus

Which bases are in RNA vs DNA?

The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). In RNA, the base uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. DNA and RNA molecules are polymers made up of long chains of nucleotides.

Epithelial tissues are named based on what two characteristics?

The first name describes the number of cell layers present and the second describes the shape of the cells

Types of epithelial tissue, where located in body.

The outer layer of your skin (epidermis). The lining of your intestines. The lining of your respiratory tract. The lining of your abdominal cavity. Your sweat glands

What is Transcription?

The process of making RNA from DNA

What is the correct order of the 4 phases of mitosis?

These phases occur in strict sequential order, and cytokinesis - the process of dividing the cell contents to make two new cells - starts in anaphase or telophase. Stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Which living cell is found in which connective tissue?

This cell makes the fibers found in nearly all of the connective tissues. Fibroblasts are motile, able to carry out mitosis, and can synthesize whichever connective tissue is needed.

What are the types of connective tissue and where are they located?

Three of the most common are the fibroblast, macrophage, and mast cell. The types of connective tissue include loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), and blood.

What is the function of tRNA?

Transfer RNA transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by the coded messages in the mRNA.

exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

This structure separates the intracellular fluid from the interstitial fluid.

a semi- permeable cell membrane that is permeable to water but not to most solutes including electrolytes and proteins, which generally need transport systems to move across the membrane.

Which 4 nitrogen-containing bases form the mRNA molecule during transcription?

adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine.

What occurs during interphase?

cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes

What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?

collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastin fibers

Plasma membrane structure

consists of both lipids and proteins.

What occurs during cytokinesis?

division of the cytoplasm

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

What occurs during mitosis?

division of the nucleus

What are the 4 major types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

One place these are found is in the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle tissue.

gap junctions and desmosomes for depolarization and muscle contraction.

What is the general purpose of membrane proteins?

helps cells to communicate, maintain their shape, carry out changes triggered by chemical messengers, and transport and share material.

Which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

non-polar fatty acid tails

Which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic?

phosphate heads

What is the function of rRNA?

rRNA molecules help hold ribosomal proteins in place and help locate the beginning and end of the mRNA message. They may also carry out the chemical reaction that joins amino acids together.

What type of epithelial tissues is found where diffusion or filtration occurs?

simple squamous epithelium is found in locations where rapid diffusion or filtration take place. In the kidney, simple squamous epithelium lines the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus

What is translation?

the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

What is peristalsis?

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.