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Ch 35

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16) Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes (stoneworts)? A) sporopollenin B) lignin C) chlorophyll a D) cellulose

B) lignin

Which of the following are produced by lateral meristems?

wood and cork

The following are characteristics of plant cells but not animal cells except

the absence of mitochondria.

The physical property that predicts the direction of water flow is referred as ________.

water potential

If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is ________.

-0.15 MPa

Use the diagram to determine what flower structures develop under the conditions described below. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. Sepals develop where only A genes are active. 2. Petals develop where A and B genes are active. 3. Stamens develop where B and C genes are active. 4. Carpels develop where only C genes are active.

Bulk flow is much faster than diffusion or active transport. Peak velocities in the transport of xylem sap can range from ________ for trees with wide vessel elements.

15-45 m/hr

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

1.5

1) Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely ________. A) nonvascular plants that grew leafless, photosynthetic shoots B) species that did not exhibit alternation of generations C) vascular plants with well-defined root systems D) plants with well-developed leaves

15) Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function? A) sclerenchyma—supporting cells with thick secondary walls B) ground meristem—protective coat of woody stems and roots C) guard cells—waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots D) periderm—parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

Select the correct statement about plant growth.

A plant may produce juvenile and adult leaves at the same time.

Which tissue(s) make(s) up the bark of the woody stem shown here?

Both secondary phloem and periderm

Would you expect plant growth to have a Q10Q10 closer to 1 or to 3? Why?

Closer to 3, because growth requires energy (ATP) for the anabolic synthesis of macromolecules.

16) The movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by ________. A) prevailing weather conditions B) aquaporins C) level of active transport D) water potentials

81) Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called A) hairs. B) xylem cells. C) phloem cells. D) stomata. E) sclereids.

D) stomata

Pith is indicated by the letter _____.

Calculate Q10 for water uptake by radish seeds for each 10°C increase in temperature, and then calculate the average Q10. Enter your answers to two decimal places.

From 5∘C to 15∘C (1.41) From 15∘C to 25∘C (1.19) From 25∘C to 35∘C (1.17) Average (1.26)

_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration.

Guard

_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules.

Hydrogen

What is the main purpose of secondary growth in a woody stem?

It makes the stems and roots thicker.

Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity?

Root cap

Which term describes an area where sugars are used or stored?

Sink

The concentrations of some essential minerals are much higher in the vascular cylinder of roots than in the soil solution around the roots. What is the best explanation for this observation?

Some essential minerals are taken into the symplast by active transport. -Active transport into the symplast helps concentrate dissolved minerals that flow to the vascular cylinder, and the Casparian strip prevents back-flow out of the root down the concentration gradient.

Use your knowledge of primary and secondary growth to visualize and explain how this happened.

Someone must have threaded it over a young woody branch: primary growth raised the bicycle off the ground. Secondary growth in the region of the tree notch enveloped the bicycle.

A leaf would best be described as a

plant organ.

Why do plants need secondary growth?

To provide structural support for the plant

Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems?

Vascular cambium

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that _____.

cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression

The letter A indicates the _____.

cortex

Mycorrhizae are _____.

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi

What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell?

positive pressure on the surrounding solution

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to affect osmosis in plants?

receptor proteins in the membrane

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

sieve-tube elements

Can you match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions?

skin: derm plant: -phyte small: micro- mouth, opening: stoma outside, outer: epi- large: mega- inside, inner: endo- single: mono- two: di- cell: -cyte (or cyto-)

Cellular differentiation is responsible for __________.

some epidermal cells in Arabidopsis becoming root hair cells while others become hairless epidermal cells.

The solute most abundant in phloem sap is _____.

sugar

During primary growth, the primary xylem and phloem grow alongside each other, except for a layer of tissue in between them. These primary tissues will eventually be pushed away from each other during secondary growth. What growth process causes this to occur?

the accumulation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

As this wagon passed from the middle of the Sequoia tree to the outside, what would be the order of tissues it passed through?

the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark

Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?

the interior of a sieve tube

Which structure or compartment is separate from the apoplastic route?

the lumen of a sieve tube

The following question is based on the diagram of three-years-old growth in a winter twig below. If you examined the cut surface at the base of this twig, how many growth rings should be present?

three

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

tracheid - vascular tissue

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

tracheid-vascular tissue

Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity?

tracheids and vessel elements

Xerophytes minimize water loss by _____.

using the CAM pathway

59) The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by _____. A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced B) the initiation of secondary growth C) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes

A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced

12) Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division? A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip B) a functional sieve tube element C) a tracheid D) a stem fiber

A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip

41) A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they? A) parenchyma B) endodermis C) collenchyma D) sclerenchyma

A) parenchyma

12) The physical property that predicts the direction of water flow is referred as ________. A) potassium pump B) water potential C) osmotic potential D) sodium pump

15) Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants? A) a difference in solute concentrations B) receptor proteins in the membrane C) aquaporins D) a difference in water potential

31) What is the overall charge on the cytoplasmic side of a plant cell plasma membrane? A) positive B) negative C) neutral

54) Plants adapted to arid environments are referred to as ________. A) mesophytes B) xerophytes C) psilophytes D) halophytes

57) Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem. A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 C) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 D) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5

Predict what the cross section of a four-year-old tree trunk would look like if there were drought conditions for the first two years of the tree's life and wet conditions for the most recent two years.

7) When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating ________. A) immature flowers B) large axillary buds C) petioles D) storage leaves

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.1

25) In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow? A) laterally in width B) vertically in height C) at a 45-degree angle from the ground D) away from the sun

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 35.2

What characterizes the rates of photosynthesis and transport in a plant on a dry cloudy day?

Both the photosynthesis and transpiration rates are low.

26) If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is ________. A) +0.75 MPa B) -0.75 MPa C) -0.15 MPa D) +0.15 MPa

35) You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. B) It will probably get annual rings of wood. C) It is probably a monocot. D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

3) Heartwood and sapwood consist of A) bark. B) periderm. C) secondary xylem. D) secondary phloem.

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

Secondary growth, the increase in thickness of roots and shoots, is made possible by division of cells in the lateral meristems. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Secondary growth produced by the cork cambium is unidirectional due to cells being added only to the outside of the cambium layer. 2. Secondary growth produced by the vascular cambium is bidirectional due to cells being added to both sides of the cambium layer. 3. The vascular cambium generates xylem cells to the inside and phloem cells to the outside. 4. The majority of cells added during secondary growth are xylem cells. 5. The tissue that is commonly referred to as "wood" in a woody plant is composed of xylem cells formed from the vascular cambium.

44) Which of the following primarily enters a plant somewhere other than through the roots? A) carbon dioxide B) nitrogen C) potassium D) water

3) Strawberries have modified horizontal shoots growing along the surface, which are referred to as ________. A) rhizomes B) tubers C) stolons D) rhizoids

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

23) Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to ________. A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem C) cell elongation localized in each internode D) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

36) Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that monocots ________. A) are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars B) have very thin stems C) do not produce wood in annual rings D) cannot produce lateral shoots

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

38) The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. Refer to the figure. A woody eudicot is represented by ________. A) II only B) III only C) IV only D) I and III

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

11) Active transport of amino acids in plants at the cellular level requires ________. A) NADP and channel proteins B) xylem membranes and channel proteins C) sodium/potassium pumps and xylem membranes D) ATP, transport proteins, and a proton gradient

64) Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures best supports this view? A) cell wall B) cell membrane C) vacuole D) plasmodesmata

The region surrounded by guard cells is indicated by the letter _____.

96) Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of A) cell differentiation. B) morphogenesis. C) cell division. D) cell elongation. E) reproduction.

D) cell elongation

True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink.

False

2) The innermost layer of the root cortex is the A) core. B) pericycle. C) endodermis. D) pith.

C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

88) Which of the following is a true statement? A) Flowers may have secondary growth. B) Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves. C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. D) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant. E) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

68) ________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem. A) Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell B) Apical meristem; vascular cambium C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member D) Cortex; pith E) Vascular cambium; cork cambium

C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member

84) What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest? A) closing of the stomata B) lateral buds C) apical dominance D) absence of petioles E) intercalary meristems

C) apical dominance

8) Trichomes _____. A) absorb sunlight, increasing the temperature of leaves B) open and close for gas exchange C) repel or trap insects D) increase water loss from leaves

C) repel ar trap insects

72) Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue? A) epidermis B) palisade mesophyll C) spongy mesophyll D) vascular tissue E) bundle sheath

C) spongy mesophyll

71) A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root? A) zone of cell division B) zone of elongation C) zone of maturation D) root cap E) apical meristem

C) zone of maturation

13) What is the function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane? A) to transfer phosphorus groups from ATP to proteins B) to transfer metal ions across the plasma membrane C) to transfer anions across the plasma membrane D) to create a membrane potential

23) The protoplast consists of ________. A) all cell components without a nucleus B) all cell components without a cell membrane C) only the cytoplasm and nucleus D) the living part of the cell, including the cell membrane

42) Formation of the curved upper surface, such as occurs in a tube filled with water, is an important factor in plant water movement. A curved upper surface is created by ________. A) the upward pull of gravity on the water column in the tube B) downward pressure from the atmosphere on the topmost layer of water molecules C) the water molecules being pulled upward by adhesion to the air D) the topmost layer of water molecules being pulled downward by the hydrogen bonds to the water molecules below

49) The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of ________. A) increased turgor and increased growth B) mineral transport and increased growth C) evaporative cooling and increased turgor D) evaporative cooling and mineral transport

6) Which one of the following does not correctly match the form with its function? A) stem—water and minerals are transported upward B) xylem sap—transport water and nutrients from roots to shoots upward C) transpiration—loss of water mostly through stomata D) cork cambium—increase in stem thickness

63) Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a water molecule in a plant did "circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back in the same day), it would require the activity of ________. A) only the xylem B) only the phloem C) only the endodermis D) both the xylem and the phloem

Xylem is indicated by the letter _____.

6) Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) all of the above

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

7) Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root? A) sclerenchyma cells B) parenchyma cells C) sieve-tube elements D) root hairs

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

20) Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.2

35.2 Student Edition End-of-Chapter Questions 1) Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of A) cell differentiation. B) morphogenesis. C) cell division. D) cell elongation.

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

11) Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system? A) root hair—vascular tissue B) guard cell—vascular tissue C) companion cell—ground tissue D) tracheid—vascular tissue

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

17) Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances? A) parenchyma cells B) sclerenchyma cells C) tracheids and vessel elements D) sieve-tube elements

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

18) Which of the following plants are annuals? A) azaleas B) roses C) blueberries D) wheat

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

39) The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure. Refer to the figure. A plant that is at least three years old is represented by ________. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) IV only

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

27) Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as ________. A) dermal and ground tissue B) lateral tissues C) pith D) secondary tissues

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

54) The bark of a tree trunk is made up of ________. A) heart wood and sap wood B) heart wood C) secondary phloem D) secondary phloem and layers of periderm

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

56) Growth and development of plant parts involves ________. I) cell division to produce new cells II) enlargement and elongation of cells III) specialization of cells into tissues A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.5

89) According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels? A) A genes only B) B genes only C) C genes only D) A and B genes only E) A and C genes only

D) A and B genes only

91) While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what can be inferred? A) The differently colored plants will attract different pollinating insects. B) The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues. C) The colored regions were caused by mutations that occurred in the sepals. D) The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals. E) More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis.

D) The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.

61) Studies using Arabidopsis thaliana have led to important advances in all of the following except A) gene mapping. B) impact of point mutations on gene function. C) gene expression during plant development. D) evolutionary history of plants. E) how genes potentially interact with other genes.

D) evolutionary history of plants.

77) Which of the following cell types is least likely to be capable of cell division? A) mesophyll cell in a developing leaf B) parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root C) parenchyma cell in a dormant axillary bud D) functional tracheid cell in a stem

D) functional tracheid cell in a stem

18) Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances? A) parenchyma cells B) sclerenchyma cells C) tracheids and vessel elements D) sieve-tube elements Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

D) sieve-tube elements

20) Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) dermal tissue D) tubers E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

E) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

In the concluding paragraph, the authors suggest that the results of their investigation into the role of the RCO gene in C. hirsuta, its relationship to the LMI1 gene, and the loss of the RCO gene in A. thaliana support a broad principle of regulatory evolution: that evolution favors mutations that minimize pleiotropy. Why would evolution favor mutations that minimize pleiotropy?

Mutations with greater pleiotropic effects are more likely to be harmful to the fitness of organisms and are thus removed from the population by natural selection.

Select the best description of the significance of the meristems of plants.

Plant meristems are permanently embryonic regions within the plant body.

Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs?

Endodermis

True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.

False

Select the correct statement about variation in stomatal density.

Stomatal density is developmentally plastic.

True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

False

Look at the bar graph of the number of teeth per unit leaf area data Going from northern to southern collection sites, what is the general trend in number of teeth in leaves of Acer rubrum?

The leaves have fewer teeth as you go from north to south.

Select the correct mechanism of stomatal opening and closing.

The radial orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls of guard cells causes them to bow outward and open the stomatal pore when turgid

A plant cell is placed in distilled water, as shown in the figure. There is a net uptake of water by osmosis, causing the cell to become turgid. Select the correct statement about this setup, after the cell is fully turgid.

The water potentials (ΨΨ) of the cell and its surroundings are the same. -The cell initially has a higher pressure potential (ΨPΨP) and a lower solute potential (ΨSΨS) than the distilled water around it, but water will enter the cell until the cell and its surroundings have the same water potential. Read about how solutes and pressure affect water potential.

_____ provides cells for secondary growth.

Vascular cambium

Which of the following statements about xylem transport is true?

Water and minerals move through the root cortex into the xylem and upward through the stem and into leaves.

Select the accurate statement about water potential.

Water in a turgid cell has positive pressure potential. -The pressure potential (/PsiP/PsiP) of a cell increases as water enters the cell and it becomes more turgid. Read about how pressure affects water potential.

What process is most important in the expansion of plant cells?

Water uptake

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport?

Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down. -The direction of movement in xylem is from roots to leaves. Phloem sap is transported throughout the plant from source to sink.

A plant that grows one year, without flowering, and then grows again the following year and produces flowers before it dies is described as which of the following?

a biennial

Which of the following describes an anatomical difference between roots and leaves?

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

The final form that a plant attains will be determined by both its genetic heritage (genotype) and the environment. (An organism's capacity for responding to environmental change within a single genotype is called phenotypic plasticity.) However, one or the other factor can dominate during development of some features. Based on the data, which factor appears to have the most influence on leaf tooth traits in Acer rubrum trees?

Genotype mostly determines leaf tooth traits in Acer rubrum.

Which of the following modified roots has a similar function as prop roots?

buttress roots

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

cell elongation

Vascular cambium forms wood toward the stem's _____ and secondary phloem toward the stem's _____.

center ... surface

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity? a) dermal tissue b) tubers c) leaves d) secondary xylem e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Which of the following is an end product of photosynthesis?

glucose

Which of the following tissues or cell types are always present in a monocot stem?

ground tissue beneath the epidermis

Compared with a cell with few aquaporin proteins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporin proteins will

have a faster rate of osmosis.

Root apical meristems are found

in all roots.

Which of the following best describes the growth of most plant structures, except for flowers?

indeterminate

Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots?

mycorrhizae

Which of these are symbiotic associations?

mycorrhizae

Solute potential in a cell is also called ________.

osmotic potential

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

parenchyma

The secondary mesophyll of leaves is made up of ________.

parenchyma tissue

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

pericycle

Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of a flower from the outermost whorl that had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls?

petal-petal-stamen-stamen

Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?

petal-petal-stamen-stamen

The Q10 values you just calculated are shown. Do your results imply that the uptake of water by radish seeds is mainly a physical process or a chemical (metabolic) process?

physical

A leaf would best be described as a

plant organ

The channels indicated by the pointer, are _____.

plasmodesmata

Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because _____.

sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic

In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?

vertically in height

Which of the following is true for an emerging lateral root to function?

xylem of the new lateral root connects to the xylem of the original root

The following question is based on this cross section of a monocot stem. Which of the following is NOT a pattern of vascular bundles evident in this stem?

xylem toward the outside of each bundle, phloem toward the center

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the circumference of a tree trunk and the diameter of roots and stems by adding new __________ to the layer's interior and __________ to the layer's exterior.

xylem, phloem

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap toward the stem?

zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation

A plant cell with a ψsψs of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a ψsψs of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a

ψp of +0.35 MPa.

Assuming that the NaCl is completely ionized, calculate how much it will lower the solute potential of the soil at 20°C using the solute potential equation: ѰS = -iCRT where i is the ionization constant (2 for NaCl), C is the molar concentration (in mol/L), R is the pressure constant [R = 0.00831 L • MPa/(mol • K)], and T is the temperature in Kelvin (273 + °C). How much will the solute potential of the soil be lowered at 20°C?

-0.243 MPa

The development of specific plant structures in particular locations is called pattern formation. Events in a plant's early development play an important role in establishing the plant's form. Complete the flowchart about pattern formation in plants beginning with the normal division of a plant zygote (fertilized egg). Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the flowchart. Not all labels will be used.

1) plant zygote divides asymmetrically 2) daughter cells of different sizes 3) axial polarity 4) root end and shoot end

Chemical bonds hold together the atoms that make up a molecule. Molecules may also be attached to one another by chemical bonds. The figure shows how hydrogen bonds attach water molecules to other water molecules.

1. A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom joined to each of two hydrogen atoms by a(n) polar covalent bond, a type of bond in which the electrons do not spend equal time with the two atoms involved. 2. Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electrons in a water molecule spend more time closer to oxygen. 3. The unequal distribution of electrons means that each of the three atoms in a water molecule has a partial charge. This makes water a polar molecule. 4. The oxygen of a water molecule has a partial negative charge. 5. Each hydrogen in a water molecule has a partial positive charge. 6. A weak bond called a(n) hydrogen bond forms as a result of the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby water molecule.

Plants grow in two very different ways. Each type of growth is accomplished by specific types of cells, in specific areas of the plant, and for specific purposes. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Primary growth is the method by which roots and shoots are elongated in all vascular plants. 2. Secondary growth is the method by which woody plants grow in thickness. 3. Secondary growth is accomplished by two cylinders of dividing cells called lateral meristems. 4. Primary growth is accomplished by groups of undifferentiated cells at the tips of the roots and shoots called apical meristems. 5. The majority of growth in width is due to increases in the number of cells added by the vascular cambium.

14) Which of following ions play the primary role in basic transport processes in plant cells? A) H+ B) Na+ C) K+ D) Ca+2

17) If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome? A) The pressure potential of the cells would increase. B) Water would move out of the cells. C) The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. D) Solutes would move out of the cells.

59) Which of the following supports the finding that sugar translocation in phloem is an active (energy-requiring) process? A) Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced. B) Movement of water occurs from xylem to phloem and back again. C) Strong pH differences exist between the cytoplasm of the companion cell and the mesophyll cell. D) ATPases are abundant in the plasma membranes of the mesophyll cells

61) In the pressure-flow mechanism, loading of sucrose from companion cells to sieve-tube elements takes place through ________. A) plasmodesmata B) facilitated diffusion C) sucrose-H+ symporters D) sucrose-H+ antiporters

65) Plasmodesmata can change in number, and when dilated can provide a passageway for ________. A) macromolecules B) ribosomes C) chloroplasts D) mitochondria

28) Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age? A) number of apical bud scar rings B) number of leaf scars C) number and arrangement of axillary buds D) length of internodes

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.2

32) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients C) increased absorption of carbon dioxide. D) effective lateral growth of the stem

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

40) A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they? A) parenchyma B) endodermis C) collenchyma D) sclerenchyma

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

4) The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced. B) the initiation of secondary growth. C) the formation of lateral roots. D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes.

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

13) Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division? A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip B) a functional sieve tube element C) a tracheid D) a stem fiber

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.1

26) Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) trichomes D) tubers

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

29) A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers, and then dies would be considered ________. A) annual B) biennial C) perennial D) not very fit

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.2

46) Of the following plants, which stem has scattered vascular bundles? A) corn B) magnolia C) chrysanthemum D) hibiscus

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

30) Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap inward? A) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation B) zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division C) zone of elongation, zone of cell division, zone of differentiation D) zone of cell division, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

45) A lateral root originates in the ________. A) pericycle B) cortex C) endodermis D) epidermis

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell?

A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential.

49) If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, _____. A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium

A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark

67) Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription? A) tracheids B) mature mesophyll cells C) companion cells D) meristematic cells E) glandular cells

A) tracheids

52) Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? A) vascular cambium B) apical meristem C) endodermis D) xylem

A) vascular cambium

50) A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? A) herbaceous eudicot B) woody eudicot C) woody monocot D) herbaceous monocot

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.4

11) The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the _____. A) cortex B) stele C) periderm D) pith

B) stele

13) Which of these is NOT an example of a parenchyma cell? A) cells that can form clones in tissue culture of plants B) support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems C) edible cells in fruits and vegetables D) tissue in leaves that photosynthesizes

B) support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems

55) The polarity of a plant is established when _____. A) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo B) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo C) the primary root breaks through the seed coat D) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates

B) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo

92) Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must A) differentiate into procambium. B) undergo dedifferentiation. C) increase the number of chromosomes in their nuclei. D) enzymatically digest their primary cell walls. E) establish a new polarity in their cytoplasm.

B) undergo dedifferentiation.

27) Which of the following are important components of the long-distance transport process in plants? I) the cohesion of water molecules II) a negative water potential III) the root parenchyma IV) the active transport of solutes V) bulk flow from source to sink A) II, III, IV, and V B) I, III, IV, and V C) I, II, IV, and V D) I, II, III, and V

53) The plant hormone ________ causes stomatal closures in drought stress conditions. A) indole-3-acetic acid B) gibberellin C) abscisic acid (ABA) D) ethylene

Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration?

higher stomatal density

Onions are monocots with certain parts adapted for storage. From which of the following plant parts is the main storage structure formed?

leaf sheaths

Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

root hairs

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root?

root hairs

Which of the following structures is a modified horizontal shoot growing along the soil surface?

stolon

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____.

sugar Phloem, not xylem, transports sugar.

Evolutionary biologists have coined the term exaptation to describe a common occurrence in the evolution of life: A limb or organ evolves in a particular context but over time takes on a new function. What are some examples of exaptations in plant organs?

tendrils of a pea plant bulb of a tulip spines of a garden rose

Many ornamental roses have sepals and multiple showy petals, but lack reproductive parts. Assuming that rose development follows the ABC hypothesis, which gene is most likely to be suppressed?

the C gene

The following are characteristics of plant cells but not animal cells except

the absence of mitochondria

The following question is based on the figure below. Which of the following must have occurred during development in the region between the root and stem circled on this diagram of an herbaceous eudicot?

the xylem in the root must split into separate strands in the stem

Which of the following is a common feature of secondary xylem and cork cells?

they are both composed of dead cells at maturity

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?

they continue to divide

The process that plants use to transport water and minerals from their roots to their shoots -- known as the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism -- relies at many points on the hydrogen bonds formed by water molecules. Before looking more carefully at the role of hydrogen bonding in the ascent of xylem sap, let's review the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism, as shown in the figure.

In the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism, Transpiration describes the loss of water from the stomata of leaves. As water vapor is lost through transpiration, more water evaporates from the cell walls of leaf mesophyll cells. The evaporation of water from leaf mesophyll cells creates a surface tension that pulls water up the xylem. Water molecules pull on adjacent water molecules all the way down the xylem. Water molecules also adhere to the walls of xylem cells, which helps to counteract the force of gravity. Water enters the xylem after it is absorbed by a plant's roots.

Primary growth increases the length of plant roots and shoots. Rank the following types of cells from least mature to most mature.

Least mature cells Apical meristem cells Primary meristem cells Background Image Differentiated cells Most mature cells

On the graph, higher indexes indicate wider rings and higher temperatures. What does the graph indicate about environmental change during the period 1550-1993?

The pattern of higher temperatures during the 1900s, as indicated by wider growth rings, suggests unusual warming. -The 1900s have been considerably warmer (as indicated by wider growth rings) than past centuries.

What evidence supports the authors' claim that the RCO gene evolved from LMI1-type genes through gene duplication?

The similarity in amino acid sequences of the proteins produced from the RCO and LMI1-type genes shows that they are derived from a common ancestral gene.

Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?

The tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf.

Why is it important for scientists to understand the genetic basis for variation in leaf shape between related species of plants?

This research advances our understanding of how the diversity of life has evolved.

_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves.

Transpiration

True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume.

True

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question. Which of the following is the main function associated with structure Y?

absorption of carbon dioxide

Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

all of the above (secondary xylem, leaves, and dermal tissue)

The opening of stomata is thought to involve _____.

an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells

Plant meristematic cells _____.

are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

Can you match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions?

around: peri- of neither gender or type: neutr- skin: cuti to bear, to carry: -fer between: inter- change, turn, move: -trop- egg: oo- (or ov-) across: trans- below: hypo- to produce: -gen-

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to which of the following?

cell elongation localized in each internode

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

cell elongation.

At which level in the hierarchy of plant structure is the polarity of a plant determined?

cells

Which of the following cell types have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

collenchyma cells

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

collenchyma cells

Based on the data, what is the relationship between temperature and water uptake by the radish seeds?

As temperature increases, % increase in mass goes up.

The following question is based on data from Northern Red Maples in the table below (from text box, p. 760). Which data above best illustrates phenotypic plasticity in leaf "toothiness"?

Rhode Island Grown, Florida Collected and Florida Grown, Florida Collected

Besides temperature, what other independent variable could you alter to test whether radish seed swelling is essentially a physical process or a chemical process?

Add a metabolic poison to the water to block any active metabolism and see if the results are the same as without the poison.

In addition to transporting sugar, the phloem also _____. a) transmits electrical signals b) transports viral RNA throughout the plant c) transports plant RNA throughout the plant d) transports proteins throughout the plant e) All of the above

All of the above -The phloem and symplasm are dynamic parts of the plant, with many important functions.

Plants and animals respond differently to the environment. Which statement most accurately compares the responses of plants and animals to changes in their environment?

Animals tend to respond to changes in their environment by movement; plants tend to respond to changes in their environment by growth.

9) Which structure or compartment is separate from the apoplastic route? A) the lumen of a xylem vessel B) the lumen of a sieve tube C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell D) the cell wall of a root hair

19) The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________. A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution B) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue C) be in both directions, and the concentration of water would remain equal D) be impossible to determine from the values given here

20) In the transmembrane route for transport within plant tissue, ________. A) water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell B) water and solutes move out of one cell, through the plasmodesmata, and into the neighboring cell C) water moves out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell D) solutes move out of one cell, across the plasmodesmata, and into the neighboring cell

24) Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will ________. A) have a faster rate of osmosis B) have a lower water potential C) have a higher water potential D) have a faster rate of active transport

28) The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________. A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution B) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue C) be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal D) occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue

39) During the nighttime, due to lack of transpiration, the water potential within the vascular cylinder ________. A) lowers due to accumulation of minerals B) increases due to accumulation of minerals C) lowers due to loss of minerals D) increases due to loss of minerals

41) Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant? A) mesophyll cells of the leaf B) xylem vessels in leaves C) xylem vessels in roots D) cells of the root cortex

45) The opening of stomata is thought to involve ________. A) an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells B) active transport of water out of the guard cells C) decreased turgor pressure in guard cells D) movement of K+ from the guard cells

51) Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil water potential were to drop significantly on a hot, summer afternoon, which of the following would most likely occur? A) Size of stomatal openings would decrease. B) Transpiration would increase. C) The leaves would become more turgid. D) The uptake of carbon dioxide would be enhanced.

55) In xerophytes, ________ are referred to as crypts. A) stomata recessed in cavities B) guard cells C) hairs (trichomes) D) lower epidermal cells

58) Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because ________. A) sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic B) water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water C) the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water D) sucrose has been transported out of the sieve tube by active transport

66) The symplastic route can transport ________. A) sugars, mRNA, and mitochondria B) mRNA, mitochondria, and proteins C) mitochondria, mRNA, and viruses D) viruses, sugars, and mRNA

7) The leaf area index is the ratio of the ________. A) upper leaf surface of a single plant divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows B) lower leaf surface of a single plant divided by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows C) upper leaf surface of a single plant multiplied by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows D) lower leaf surface of a single plant multiplied by the surface area of the land on which the plant grows

Ground tissue is indicated by the letter _____.

43) The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question. The main function associated with structure Y is ________. A) absorption of carbon dioxide B) retention of water C) collection of light D) release of carbon dioxide

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

51) If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, ________. A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.4

47) The secondary mesophyll of leaves is made up of ________. A) parenchyma tissue B) collenchyma tissue C) sclerenchyma tissue D) parenchyma and collenchyma tissues

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.3

53) Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells? A) vascular cambium B) apical meristem C) endodermis D) xylem

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.4

58) The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by ________. A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced B) the initiation of secondary growth C) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes

A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 35.5

65) Land plants are composed of all of the following tissue types except A) mesodermal. B) epidermal. C) meristematic. D) vascular. E) ground tissue.

A) mesodermal

Which of the following parts of a plant remains on the plant even after several years of growth?

Primary xylem

28) Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age? A) Number of apical bud scar rings B) Number of leaf scars C) Number and arrangement of axillary buds D) Length of internodes

A) Number of apical bud scar rings

63) Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells. A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells. B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of schlerenchyma cells. C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal. D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.

A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.

44) The main function associated with structure Y is _____. A) absorption of carbon dioxide B) retention of water C) collection of light D) release of carbon dioxide

A) absorption of carbon dioxide

29) A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers and then dies would be considered _____. A) annual B) biennial C) perennial D) not very fit

A) annual

60) One major advantage of using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studies of plant form and function is its A) fast generation time. B) exceptionally large genome. C) large seeds. D) high tolerance to stress. E) high mutation rate.

A) fast generation time.

A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem

76) A cell that is most likely to retain the ability to divide, perform metabolic functions, and store photosynthate would be a A) parenchyma cell in a leaf. B) vessel element in the vascular system. C) endodermal cell in a root. D) bark cell. E) fiber cell.

A) parenchyma cell in a leaf.

85) A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by auxin via which of the following? A) pruning shoot tips B) deep watering of the roots C) fertilizing D) treating the plants with auxins E) feeding the plants nutrients

A) pruning shoot tips

15) Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function? A) sclerenchyma — supporting cells with thick secondary walls B) ground meristem — protective coat of woody stems and roots C) guard cells — waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots D) periderm — parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves

A) sclerenchyma — supporting cells with thick secondary walls

26) Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity? A) secondary xylem B) leaves C) trichomes D) tubers

A) secondary xylem

90) A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s) will develop in this plant? A) sepals B) petals C) stamens D) carpels E) both sepals and petals

A) sepals

10) The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____. A) soil via the xylem B) soil via the phloem C) the atmosphere through the cuticle and stomata D) all of the listed responses

A) soil via xylem

A) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation

Based on the data presented in the paper, evaluate the following statements about these three genes: LMI1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLMI1) LMI1 in Cardamine hirsuta (ChLMI1) RCO in C. hirsuta Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

AtLMI1 and ChLMI1 are orthologous genes. ChLMI1 and RCO are paralogous genes.

10) The apoplast in plant tissues consists of ________. A) cell walls, extracellular spaces, and plasmodesmata B) cell walls, extracellular spaces, and vessel elements C) vessel elements, plasmodesmata, and extracellular spaces D) cell walls, plasma membrane, and cytosol

18) Solute potential in a cell is also called ________. A) water potential B) osmotic potential C) potential gradient D) pressure potential

2) A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green, thin, had stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of ten square meters. Where is the most likely environment where this leaf was growing? A) a large, still pond B) a tropical rain forest C) an oasis within a grassland D) the floor of a deciduous forest

2) Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast? A) the interior of a vessel element B) the interior of a sieve tube C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell D) an extracellular air space

22) How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell? A) A flaccid cell has higher pressure potential. B) A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential. C) A flaccid cell has higher solute potential. D) A flaccid cell has lower solute potential.

25) If you place flaccid plant cells in pure water, water ________ into cell because it has ________. A) does not enter the cell; solutes and low water potential B) enter the cell; solutes and low water potential C) enter the cell; solutes and high water potential D) does not enter the cell; solutes and high water potential

3) Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink A) occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements. B) depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps. C) depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. D) results mainly from diffusion.

30) Which of the following contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system? I) root hairs II) endodermis III) mycorrhizae IV) fibrous arrangement of the roots A) II and III B) I, III, and IV C) I, II, and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

33) Bulk flow is much faster than diffusion or active transport. Peak velocities in the transport of xylem sap can range from ________ for trees with wide vessel elements. A) 10-20 m/hr B) 15-45 m/hr C) 5-10 m/hr D) >50 m/hr

36) One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the ________. A) transpiration rates are high B) root pressure exceeds transpiration pull C) preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry D) roots are not absorbing minerals from the soil

40) What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? A) active transport of ions into the stele B) evaporation of water through stoma C) the force of root pressure D) osmosis in the root

47) Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of an oak tree? A) a cool, dry day B) a very hot, dry, windy day C) a warm, humid day D) a cool, humid day

5) A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency? A) Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning. B) Mycorrhizal fungi were killed. C) Active transport of minerals was inhibited. D) The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed.

5) What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell? A) decreasing the Ψ of the surrounding solution B) positive pressure on the surrounding solution C) the loss of solutes from the cell D) increasing the Ψ of the cytoplasm

50) Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant? A) subjecting the leaves of the plant to a partial vacuum B) increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant C) putting the plant in drier soil D) decreasing the relative humidity around the plant

52) What is the advantage of having small, needlelike leaves? A) increased transpiration rate B) decreased transpiration rate C) increased efficiency of light capture D) decreased efficiency of light capture

43) Which one of the following ions plays a critical role in the opening and closing of stomata? A) H+ B) Na+ C) K+ D) Ca+2

5) Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl? A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

34) As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? A) 0.5 B) 1.5 C) 3.0 D) 15.0

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

42) The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question. The main function associated with structure X is ________. A) absorption of carbon dioxide B) retention of water C) collection of light D) release of carbon dioxide

B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 35.3

14) Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant? A) parenchyma cells B) collenchyma cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) tracheids and vessel elements