Ch. 37 APUSH

Provide examples of how Nixon actually expanded the welfare state.

He provided increased appropriations for entitlements like food stamps, Medicaid, and aid to families with dependent children well adding a generous new program, Supplemental Security Income, to assist the indigent aged, blind, and disabled. He signed legislation guaranteeing automatic Social Security cost-of-living increases to protect the elderly against the ravages of inflation.

What was the impact of the Philadelphia plan?

It drastically altered the meaning of affirmative action that LBJ had established to protect individuals again discrimination. Nixon now transformed that escalated affirmative action into a program that conferred privileges on certain groups.

What is President Johnson's legacy?

Johnson was the first president, since Lincoln, who had worked as hard as he did for civil rights. No president before him had shown more compassion for the poor, black, and the ill-educated.

Describe the secret war in Cambodia and the reaction that its revaluation provoked.

The Americans promised that they had respected Cambodia's neutrality, though this was a lie. Cambodia had been open to American invasions for about 14 months. Americans were shocked to learn this and Congressional opposition to the expansion of this war led to the War Powers Act.

Identify landmark agencies and bills, passed during Nixon's first term, relating to the environment.

The Environmental Protection Agency, climaxed two decades of mounting concern for the environment. Millions of environmentalists around the world celebrated Earth Day to raise awareness and to encourage their leaders to act. Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the endangered species Species Act of 1973.

Describe each of the following and their significance to increasing black voting rights: 24th Amendment Freedom Summer March on Selma Voting Rights Act of 1965

24th Amendment- Prohibited Congress and states to prohibit eligible voters from voting, including poll taxes and literacy tests. Freedom Summer- A voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by a coalition of civil rights groups. The campaign drew the activism a thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by that abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists. March on Selma- Organized by Martin Luther King Jr., regarding the voter population of the city, where only 1% of black voters were registered, so they made up 50% of the city. State troopers assaulted Kings demonstration as a March peacefully to the state capitol at Montgomery. Voting Rights Act of 1965- Legislation pushed through Congress or President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. The Voting Rights Act was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement.

Explain the factors that made the Vietnam War so unpopular, at home and in the jungles of Southeast Asia.

Because draft policies largely exempt college students and men with critical civilian skills, the armed forces in Vietnam were largely composed of the least privileged Young Americans. Black and white soldiers alike, fought not only against the Vietnamese enemy but also against the fear of dying in the suffocating Vietnamese environment. Domestic disgust only grew when the public had learned that American troops have slaughtered innocent women and children in the village of My Lai in 1968.

Describe how Congress escalates the War on Poverty in the first year of Johnson's presidency.

Congress doubled the appropriation of the office of Economic Opportunity to $2 billion and granted more than $1 billion to redevelop the hills of the Appalachia. Two new cabinets were created, the Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Describe the laws passed to achieve each of the following goals in the Great Society: aid to education, medical care for the elderly and poor, immigration reform, voting rights.

Education laws such as project Head Start, improve the educational performance of underprivileged youth. Laws such as the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities, which was designed to lift the level of American cultural life, were passed. The big four legislative achievements were aid to education, Medicare for the elderly and poor, immigration reform, and a new voting bill. Medicare and Medicaid became a reality. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the last National Origins quota that had been in place since 1921. It doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter annually and for the first time set limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere.

What finally prompted the North Vietnamese to agree to a cease-fire in January, 1973?

Explain what "peace with honor" really meant.Nixon launched if you're is two-week bombing on North Vietnam which resulted in the North Vietnamese negotiators to agree to a ceasefire. This negotiation included the United States withdrawal of its remaining 27,000 troops and reclaiming 560 American prisoners of war. However the North Vietnamese were allowed to keep some 145,000 troops in South Vietnam where they still occupied about 30% of the country. This "peace with honor" system was much more like an American retreat.

Who runs for the Republicans, and who is the American Independent candidate in the election of 1968? Who wins?

Former Vice President Nixon was nominated for the Republican Party as he was a hawk on Vietnam, who called for the war's end. For the American Independent party, George C Wallace, former governor of Alabama, was nominated. Most famously known for standing in front of the doorway to prevent two black students from entering the University of Alabama, his motto became, "Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!"

Define Détente and explain the ultimate motive behind Nixon's foreign policy.

From the French for "reduced tension," the period of the Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reducing arment treaties under President Nixon (and later Ford, and Carter). As a policy prescription, détente marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that defined the earlier years of the Cold War.

What law does President Johnson get passed, partially as a tribute to Kennedy's legacy? What does this law do?

He convinced Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This law banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthen the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empower the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOP) to regulate their employment.

What projects did LBJ launch in honor of Roosevelt and Kennedy?

He launched the Great Society which was meant to end poverty and increase investment in education and the arts.

Even though Goldwater is crushed in the Election of 1964, what is significant about the states he does win.

He won five states from the Deep South that were traditionally democratic.

Why was Earl Warren Court under criticism?

His decisions concerned social conservatives who are against these progressive changes.

Explain the ramifications of U.S. support for Israel against the Syrians and Egyptians. How did OPEC nations continue to hammer the U.S. even after the embargo was lifted in 1974? How did we respond?

In late October 1973, the OPEC nations announced an embargo on oil shipments to the United States and several European allies supporting Israel. The oil-rich Arab states cut their oil production, raising the pressure on the entire West, whose citizens had become accustomed to oil power. This triggered a major economic recession in America, France, and Britain. It also marked an end to cheap and abundant energy, and America had once again become an oil producer (though they declined as time went on). However they were unable to keep up with their current demands for energy.

Describe how each of these people/groups like Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, and Stokely Carmichael shift the goals of some blacks in the civil rights movement.

Inspired by the leader of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X changed his name to advertise his loss of African identity in White America. In California, the Black Panther Party brandished weapons in citizens control to protect themselves from police brutality. Stokely Carmichael, a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, began to preach the doctrine of black power, which he said should "smash everything Western Civilization has created."These people and groups emphasized African distinctiveness, promoted afro hairstyles and dress, shed their white names for new African identity, and demanded black study programs in schools and universities.

What happens at the Democratic national convention in Chicago in 1968? Who ends up getting the nomination?

Militants demonstrators baited the police officers yelling names at them and hurling bags and cans at the police lines. Watched on television, the police officers broke into a police riot clubbing the rioters. Here, Humphrey secured the nomination for the Democrats.

The revelation in 1970 of which event, deepened disgust over the war?

Nixon had ordered American forces to join with a South Vietnamese in cleaning out the enemy sanctuaries in officially neutral Cambodia.

Who won the election of 1968?

Nixon had swept the Electoral election and barely won the popular vote.

Explain why Nixon widens the scope of war into Cambodia, as well as the tragic events at home that follow this escalation of the war.

Nixon made this effort in hopes of turning the tide on the war, however with protests in colleges, such as at Kent State University, and the amplified division between the Hawks and the doves, he withdrew the troops only two months later. The Senate overwhelmingly repealed the Gulf of Tonkin blank check that Congress had given to Johnson in 1964.

Who is Nixon's appointment to replace the retiring Earl Warren on the Supreme Court? Identify the most controversial decision of this supposed High Court conservative.

Nixon nominated Warren E Burger of Minnesota to replace Earl Warren, as he hoped his rulings and social and political questions would not coddle radicals or criminals. The court that Nixon establish proved relunctant to dismantle the liberal rulings of the Warren court and it even produce the most controversial judicial opinion in the Roe v Wade decision which legalized abortion.

What are the other fruits of diplomacy with China and the Soviet Union?

Nixon visits mainland China and the nations agree to normalize their relationship. American accept a "one China policy," implying a lessened American commitment to the independence of Taiwan. He also lessened the tension between America and the Soviet Union as the two powers created several agreements, such as an anti ballistic missile treaty and a series of arms reduction negotiations (SALT).

What was Vietnamization?

Nixon's plan to draw out the 540,000 US troops in South Vietnam over an extended time. And the South Vietnamese, with American money, weapons, training, and advice, would be able to gradually take over the burden of fighting their own War.

How does the Watts riot in Los Angeles lead to a change in the civil rights movement?

Only five days after the passage of the Voting Rights Act this riot took place in regards to police brutality. The riot head resulted in the death of 31 black, three white, more than a thousand injured, and hundreds of buildings chard and gutted. Feeling unprotected by the law, this launched a new phase of the black struggle, increasingly marked by militant confrontation, led by radical and sometimes violence spokesperson, and aimed not interracial cooperation but a black separatism.

Describe the increase in opposition to the Vietnam War within the civilian population and within the government.

Opposition to the war became increasingly popular, as drafted individuals would flee to Canada or burn their draft cards. Hundreds of thousands of marchers filled the streets in New York, San Francisco, and other cities, refusing to go to war. Opposition to the war in Congress began with the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Senator William Fulbright. He released a series of widely viewed television hearings against the war which gradually caused the public to come to feel that they had been deceived by the government.

What does the escalation of the war in Vietnam mean for the United States in terms of money and manpower by 1968?

Originally, the United States saw that once they enter the war with Vietnam they would be able to swiftly get in and get out, losing the least amount of lives as possible. However, Vietnam was refusing to give up and quickly escalated the battle matching, or exceeding the same amount of troops that the United States was providing. By 1968 the United States had poured in over half a million troops into southeast Asia and spent more than $30 billion per year of the war, with no end in sight.

What were the three P's of the 1960s?

Population bulge of the Baby Boomers, protest against racism and the Vietnam War, and the prosperity that seemed a permanent fixture of the postwar America.

In what ways had the Great Society been successful?

Poverty rates had declined measurably in the following decade, Medicare had made dramatic reductions in the incidence of poverty among Americans elderly, other programs sharply improved the educational performance of the underprivileged youth, and overall health conditions improved.

Who challenges LBJ in the Democratic primaries in 1968? What is the significance of LBJ's speech on March 31, 1968?

Robert Kennedy challenged LBJ for the Democratic position for president. On March 31, LBJ announced on nationwide television that he would freeze American troops levels and scale back bombing, and in a dramatic plea to unify dangerously divided nations he declared that he would not be running as a candidate for presidency in 1968.

What happened during the California primary of 1968?

Robert Kennedy was shot in the head, which allowed the Democratic party to descend into madness.

Who are the candidates for the presidency in 1972? How does Nixon use the situation in Vietnam to his advantage? What was the outcome at the polls?

South Dakota Senator George McGovern ran for the Democrats and Nixon ran for the Republicans. Nixon's campaign emphasized that he had wound down the number of troops from 540,000 to about 30,000 and he received an extra boost when it was announced that peace was on its way in Vietnam. Nixon won the election by a landslide receiving 520 electoral votes as opposed to McGovern's 17 and almost double the popular vote.

Why is the Tet offensive such a blow to President Johnson? How do American military leaders respond to Tet?

Tet, or the Vietnamese new year, was a time that the Viet Cong was supposed to be licking their wounds, but instead they suddenly attacked twenty-seven key South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon.This demonstrated that Vietnam would not be defeated by Johnson's plan of continual escalation. The Tet offensive ended in a military defeat but a political victory for the Viet Cong. The American people demanded a speedy end to the war, however American military leaders responded with a request for two hundred thousand more troops.

How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 change society?

The act did not end discrimination and oppression overnight, but if placed a lever for change in blacks hands. Black Southerners now had the power and began to wield it under federal protection.

What are the changes to American society in the 1960s?

The struggles against racism, poverty, and the war in Vietnam, had momentous cultural consequences. A negative attitude towards authority had taken hold. This resulted in the discovery that American society was not free, resulting in the loss of tradition. Nobody seemed to be able to define values and shape behavior that everyone had once believed had existed. The youth were the biggest advocates for this controversial thinking. The Protestant church had declined in churchgoers. Educated Americans became increasingly less religious while the less educated became more religious. The Second Vatican Council meeting reformed and modernized the Catholic Church, which made it more acceptable for the modern-day crowd. New movements led by the youth took place, such as the Free Speech Movement. Hippie culture is born, as drugs became more frequently consumed and commune living became more common. Rock and roll continued to grow, but this time with artists such as the Beatles, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix. There was also a sexual revolution, sparked by the invention of the birth control pill. The Stonewall rebellion was the catalyst for the gay rights movement. This marked the turning point to modern society.

Explain the "Pentagon Papers".

These papers were leaked by the New York Times revealing a top secret Pentagon study that documented the blenders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, especially the provoking of the 1964 North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin.

Define the provisions of the War Powers Act.

This act was passed over Nixon's veto, limiting the president's ability to wage war without Congressional approval. The act required the president to notify Congress within forty-eight hours of committing troops to foreign conflict. An important consequence of the Vietnam War, this piece of legislation sought to reduce the president's unilateral authority in military matters.

Even as gains were made in the civil rights movement, how and why were urban areas in the North becoming a new battleground in the movement?

This outrage triggered a nationwide outburst for violent ghetto-gutting riots, costing several lives. Overall, involvement in the Civil Rights Movement escalated after his death, as voter registration shot upward and several hundred blacks held elected office in the south.

What happens in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.?

This outrage triggered a nationwide outburst for violent ghetto-gutting riots, costing several lives. Overall, involvement in the Civil Rights Movement escalated after his death, as voter registration shot upward and several hundred blacks held elected office in the south. What does the escalation of the war in Vietnam mean for the United States in terms of money and manpower by 1968? Originally, the United States saw that once they enter the war with Vietnam they would be able to swiftly get in and get out, losing the least amount of lives as possible. However, Vietnam was refusing to give up and quickly escalated the battle matching, or exceeding the same amount of troops that the United States was providing. By 1968 the United States had poured in over half a million troops into southeast Asia and spent more than $30 billion per year of the war, with no end in sight.

What did Rachel Carson do?

This scientist and author gave the environmental movement a huge boost in 1962 when she published Silent Spring that exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides.

What was the Nixon Doctrine? Did it pacify the "doves"? Who were the "Silent Majority"?

This was President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. The doctrine stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitment but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars.This upset the doves as they wanted an immediate end to the war. The silent majority presumably supported the war and rejected the counterculture.

Describe the Tonkin Gulf incident in 1964. What Resolution does this lead Congress to pass, and what does that resolution do?

Unknown to the public, the US Navy ships had been cooperating with South Vietnam gunboats in provocative raids along the coast of North Vietnam. Two American destroyers were allegedly blown up by the North Vietnamese. LBJ loudly proclaimed that he didn't want to make the war worse, this implied that Goldwater did. Johnson also used the incident to encourage Congress to pass the Tonkin Gulf resolution which meant that lawmakers virtually abdicated their war declaration powers to the hands of the president.

Summarize the far-ranging judicial decisions of the Warren Court throughout the 1960s.

Warren has led the court into a series of decisions that drastically affected sexual Freedom, the rights of criminals, the practice of religion, civil rights, and the structure a political representation. In Griswold V Connecticut, the court struck down a state law that prohibited the use of contraceptives, even among married couples. The court proclaimed a right to privacy that soon provided the basis for decisions protecting women's abortions rights. In Gideon V. Wainwright, the Court held all criminal defendants were entitled to legal counsel, even if they were too poor to afford it. The Escobedo case and Miranda case ensured the right of the accused to remain silent and to enjoy other protections, resulting in the Miranda warning. In Engel V Vitale and School District of Abington Township V Schempp, the justices argued that the first amendment's separation of church and state meant that public schools could not require prayer or Bible reading.

What is the significance of the Six-Day War?

What happens as a result of this war. Israel had successfully defeated the Soviet -backed Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. This win allowed Israel to expand control into new territories in the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank of the Jordan River. This brought some 1 million resentful Palestinian Arabs under direct Israeli control. The Israeli's eventually withdrew from the Sinai after signing a peace treaty with Egypt, but they refused to relinquish the other areas without a treaty and began moving Jewish settlers into the heavily Arab district of the West Bank. This war intensified the problems of the Middle East leading to a standoff between the Israelis and the Palestinians.