ch. 4
Jake received a blow to the head, which damaged the eardrum and ossicles to the point that he cannot send sound waves effectively to the cochlea. Jake will likely experience _____ hearing loss.
conductive
Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Sydney is mainly using her photoreceptors known as:
cones
Sherry is nearsighted; that is, she suffers from _____.
myopia
nearsightedness is otherwise know as ? what is it caused by?
myopia, the shape of the eye being too long, so focus point falls in front of the retina.
With respect to its origins, colour deficiency reflects:
nature, overwhelmingly.
Thermoreceptors
nerve fibres that respond to changes in temperature
psychophysics
methods that systemically relate the physical characteristics of a stimulus to an observer's perception.
Interposition
monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away
iris
muscle that controls the size of the pupil and hence the amount of light that can enter the eye.
The perception of rhythm depends on the listener grouping together beats that occur close together in time. This example illustrates an auditory application of the Gestalt principle of:
proximity.
visual acuity
the ability to see fine detail. it is the smallest line of letters that a person can read from 20 feet (6 meters).
attention
the active and conscious processing of particular information
haptic perception
the active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with out hands.
parallel processing
the brain's capacity to perform multiple activities at the same time.
binocular disparity
the difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth
Maddie dislikes spinach, kale, and collard, turnip, and mustard greens; she finds them very bitter. Like 1 in _____ adults, Maddie is MOST likely a ____.
4; supertaster
What is the absolute threshold for vision?
A candle flame 48 km away on a clear, dark night.
what is the absolute threshold for touch?
A fly's wing falling on the cheek from 1 centimetre away.
linear perspective
A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
What is the absolute threshold for smell?
A single drop of perfume diffused through an area equivalent to the volume of six rooms.
what is the absolute threshold for taste
A teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 7.5 litres of water.
Signal detection theory (SDT)
A way of analyzing data from psychophysics experiments that measures an individuals perceptual sensitivity while also taking noise, expectations, motivations, and goals into account.
Abbie is nearsighted. Her vision defect reflects an error in _____, the process by which the _____ changes shape to focus an image on the retina.
Accommodation; lens
pitch
How high or low a sound is
Javier is watching snowflakes drift downward outside his window. Neurons in the _____ area of his brain are likely very active. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
MT
similiarity (gestalt)
Objects with similiar characteristics are perceived a units
Some neuroscientists have recommended that the where visual pathway be renamed the "_____" pathway. & why?
Perception for action. because the dorsal stream us crucial for guiding actions, such as aiming, reaching, or tracking with the eyes.
area A1
The primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
Which Gestalt perceptual grouping rule is CORRECTLY defined?
The rule of proximity proposes that stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together.
the dorsal (upper) stream of the visual stream
Travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes (including some of the middle and upper levels of the temporal lobes) and includes brain areas that identify where an object is and how it is moving. Also known as the "where" pathway/
olfactory bulb
a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes.
What is the absolute threshold for hearing?
a clock's tick 6 meters away when all is quiet.
inattentional blindness
a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention
cochlea
a fluid-filled tube that contains cells that transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses.
retina
a layer of light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball
blind spot
a location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina.
illusory conjunction
a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects
perceptual constancy
a perceptual principle stating that even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent
tactile respective field
a small patch of skin that relates information about pain, pressure, texture, pattern, or vibration to a receptor.
loudness
a sound's intensity
basliar membrane
a structure in the inner ear that moves up and down in time with vibrations relayed from the ossicles, transmitted through the oval window.
gate-control theory
a theory of pain perception based on the idea that signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gates by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from the skin or from the brain. .
fovea
an area of the retina where vision is clearest and there are no rods at all. area of greatest visual aquity, where most colour-sensitive cones are concentrated, allowing us to see fine detail as well as colour.
The advent of the motion pictures in the early 20th century represented a compelling application of _____ to entertainment.
apparent motion
constructive hearing loss
arises because the eardrum or ossicles are damages to the point that the cannot conduct sound waves effectively to the cochlea.
monocular depth cues
aspects of a scene the yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye.
cornea
bends the light wave and send it through the pupil.
Pheromones
biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect an animal's behavior or physiology
Drs. Richards and Jay both find that women can better distinguish amongst pleasant odors than can men. Dr. Richards proposes that women have more olfactory receptor types than do men. Dr. Jay argues that women have more experience with pleasant odors such as those of foods, flowers, and fragrances. Dr. Richards is proposing a _____ explanation of the gender difference in olfaction, while Dr. Jay is suggesting a _____ explanation.
bottom-up; top-down
The amplitude of a light wave corresponds to its:
brightness
In a television drama, an actor is shown holding a glass of wine during a conversation. The next shot focuses on the actor's conversational partner. When the camera returns to the actor, he is no longer holding the glass. Most viewers fail to notice the absence of the glass. This example BEST illustrates the psychological phenomena known as:
change blindness.
Subjects in a psychology experiment were given the consent form by a research assistant. The assistant then dropped his pencil, but instead of the same researcher appearing from behind the counter, another appeared. The vast majority of subjects failed to notice that a different research assistant appeared. This illustrates the psychological phenomena of:
change blindness.
bipolar cells
collect electrical signals from the rods and cones and transmit them to the outermost layer of the retina
Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements moving in the same direction are likely to be grouped together?
common fate
Visual acuity refers to the ability to see fine details. Visual acuity thus reflects the operation of photoreceptors called _____, located in the _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
cones; fovea
Tobias is installing a new washer and dryer and has to determine which electrical outlet would go best with each. According to the Gestalt principles of perception, the rule of _____ will help Tobias solve this problem.
continuity
texture gradient
describes how texture such as parched ground look more detailed close up but more uniform and smooth when farther away.
length of a light wave
determines its hue (colour)
The intensity (amplitude) of a light wave
determines the brightness of light.
purity
determines the degree to which a light source is emitting just one wavelength or a mixture of wavelengths. More saturation = very rich colours.
pupil
dilates and constricts in order to determine how much light is let into your eye. In dark conditions your pupil dilates to let more light in and in bright conditions it constricts to let less light in.
Continuity (Gestalt)
edges or contours that have the same orientation have good continuation, and we tend to group them together perceptually.
common fate (gesttalt)
elements of a visual image that move together are perceived as parts of a single moving object
multisensory
events that stimulate multiple senses at the same time.
change blindness
failure to detect changes to the visual details of a scene
According to the _____ theory, a person needs focused attention to create cohesive perceptions of objects.
feature integration
referred pain
feeling of pain on the surface of the body, but due to internal damage; occurs because sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord.
weber's law
for every sense domain, the change in a stimulus that is just noticeable is a constant ratio of the standard stimulus, over a range of standard intensities.
Juan and Joseph are opera singers. Juan is a baritone. Joseph is a tenor, so his voice is higher-pitched than Juan's voice. With respect to their physical properties, the sound waves corresponding to Juan's voice are lower in _____ than are those corresponding to Joseph's voice.
frequency
Stacy has some lower back pain. Her physical therapist massages her lower back and shoulders. According to the _____ theory of pain, the massage should lessen her pain.
gate-control
temporal acuity
the ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in time.
Tastant is to _____ as odorant is to _____.
gustation; olfaction
Hayden likes the way his new running shoes feel on his feet. The type of perception he is experiencing is referred to as:
haptic
Pioneering child psychologist Jean Piaget noted that infants explore the world through touch. A contemporary psychologist in the area of sensation and perception might say that infants are engaged in _____ perception.
haptic
The term _____ perception denotes the knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, and usually involves active exploration.
haptic
The sense of _____ involves transforming changes in air pressure.
hearing
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
Dr. Thompson is studying the binding problem. In other words, she is examining: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
how people perceive objects, rather than disconnected features.
sensitivity
how responsive we are to faint stimuli.
binding problem
how the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features
acuity
how well we can distinguish two very similar stimuli.
farsightedness is otherwise known as? what is it caused by?
hyperopia, the shape of the eye being too short so focus point falls behind retina.
When a person views two objects that project the same retinal image size, the one that appears more distant will seem larger. This explains many:
illusions
Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which appearance differs from "reality" are called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
illusions.
A man is assaulted outside a bar. The attackers are a Caucasian man wearing a bandana and a Hispanic man wearing a baseball cap. A witness describes one of the attackers as "a white guy in a ball cap." This testimony reflects a(n):
illusory conjunction.
In a laboratory experiment, Lisa is briefly shown a coloured letter next to a black number. She is asked to describe what she saw, and INCORRECTLY describes the number as having the colour of the letter. The error reflects a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
illusory conjunction.
In a vision science laboratory, a monkey is viewing simple visual stimuli on a screen while an electrode records activity from a cell in area V1 of the monkey's brain. On one trial, the cell begins responding actively. The monkey is probably viewing a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
line in a specific orientation.
In an introductory drawing class, Amber's instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Amber's instructor is referring to a monocular depth cue known as:
linear perspective.
retinal ganglion cells
located on the outermost layer of the retina. Organize the signals and send them to the brain.
In the scheme of "big issues" in psychology, the monocular cue of familiar size BEST illustrates the importance of:
nurture.
relative height in the image
objects that are closer to you are lower in your visual field, whereas faraway objects are higher
rods
photoreceptors that become active under low-light conditions for night vision.
cones
photoreceptors that detect colour, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail.
Beth affixes an earring to her earlobe. She is attaching the jewelry to part of her:
pinna.
Loudness is to amplitude as _____ is to frequency.
pitch
olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)
receptor cells that transduce odourant molecules into neural impulses.
The thin layer of receptors at the back of the eye is called the _____
retina
what are the five primary taste sensations?
salt, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (savoury).
In an amusement park ride, the cars spin rapidly while accelerating along a track. A person's head movements during this ride are detected by hair cells in the:
semicircular canals.
Jake was riding on a roller coaster that falls up and down and goes upside down. Jake's head movements during this ride are detected by hair cells in the:
semicircular canals.
Jayden works in a noisy factory. Damage to her hair cells may eventually lead to _____ hearing loss.
sensorineural
Ms. Fancher is 70 years old and has lost nearly 50% of her hair cells in her inner ear. Ms. Fancher is experiencing _____ hearing loss.
sensorineural
Sean organizes his canned products in the pantry by types of vegetables and fruits. This organization exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:
similarity.
sensation
simple stimulation of a sense organ
Unlike the other senses, the human sense of _____ is closely related to emotional and social behaviour.
smell
inner hair cells
specialized auditory receptor embedded in the basilar membrane.
According to signal detection theory, whether or not you perceive a stimulus (vibrating phone) depends on what two independent factors?
strength of the sensory evidence for that stimulus and the amount of evidence necessary for your perceptual system to "decide" that the stimulus is present, known as the decision criterion.
spatial acuity
the ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in space.
ventriloquist illusion
the fact that you depend on your visual system for reliable information about spatial location.
feature-integration theory
the idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, but is required to bind those individual features together
just noticeable difference (JND)
the minimal change in a stimulus (ex. its loudness or brightness) that can just barely be detected.
absolute threshold
the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of trials.
what creates the blind spot on the retina?
the optic nerve.
taste buds
the organ of taste transduction
perception
the organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation.
apparent motion
the perception of movement as a result of signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations.
perceptual contrast
the phenomenon that occurs when the sensory information from two things may be similar but we perceive the objects as different.
place code
the process by which the brain uses information about the relative activity of hair cells across the whole basilar membrane to help determine the pitch you hear.
perceptual organization
the process of grouping and segregating features to create whole objects organized in meaningful ways.
transduction
the process whereby sense receptors convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals that are sent to the central nervous system.
sensory adaptation
the process whereby sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current (unchanging) conditions.
temporal code
the process whereby the brain uses the timing of the action potentials on the auditory nerve to help determine the pitch you hear.
accommodation
the process whereby the eye maintains a clear image on the retina.
timbre
the quality of sound that allows you to distinguish two sources with the same pitch and loudness.
visual respective field
the region of the visual field to which each neuron responds.
vestibular system
the three fluid filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in the inner ear.
travelling wave
the up and down movement that sound causes in the basilar membrane.
colour-opponent system
theory stating that pairs of cone types (channels) work in opposition.
the ventral (lower) stream of the visual stream
travels across the occipital love into the lower levels of the temporal lobes and includes brain areas that represent an objects shape and identity. also known as the "what"pathway.
Brian has been diagnosed with visual-form agnosia. He has probably suffered damage to the:
ventral stream of visual processing
The _____ system in the _____ senses the movements and accelerations of the head.
vestibular; inner ear
Brightness is to amplitude as hue is to _____.
wavelength
Closure (Gestalt)
we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object
proprioception
your sense of bodily position