ch 4 carbohydrates
soluble
are apples, bananas, oat products, and beans sources of insoluble fiber or soluble fiber?
soluble
are pectins, gums, and mucilages classified as soluble or insoluble fibers?
amino acids
aspartame is an alternative sweetner made of 2 ______
100
at what initial level (mg/dl) is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high and is an indicator of metabolic syndrome
insoluble fiber
benefits of including some _____ ____ in the diet are: reduces constipation and reduces transit time of feces
congenital lactase deficiency
birth defect resulting in the inability to produce lactase, such that a lactose-free diet is required from birth
Polysaccharides
both fiber and starch are types of _____
primary lactose maldigestion
chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
disaccharide
class of sugars formed by the chemical bonding of two monosaccharides
starch
complex carbohydrates are also known as ____
type 2 diabetes
diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin are typical treatments for _____
phenylketonuria
disease caused by a defect in the liver's ability of metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine build up in the body and lead to mental retardation (PKU)
sometimes
do type 2 diabetes patients always require insulin or only sometimes?
ketone bodies
during low carbohydrate intake, fat is not completely metabolized, leading to the formation of _____ _____
small intestine
enzymes in the wall of the ______ break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides
dental caries
erosions in the surface of a tooth caused by acids made by bacteria as they metabolize sugars
sugar alcohol
excessive consumption of this type of sugar may have a laxative effect
fructose
excessive intake of ____ may result in diarrhea
gases acids
fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of _______ and _____
sucrose
fructose bonded to glucose; table sugar
lactose
glucose bonded to galactose is known as _______
maltose
glucose bonded to glucose
glycogen
glucose can be stored in the liver or muscle for later use in the form of ______
glucose
glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many _____ units bonded together
liver
glycogen stored in the ____ is used to maintain blood glucose concentrations when you have not eaten for hours or have not eaten enough carbohydrates
hyperglycemia
high blood glucose
55
high fructose corn syrup is generally ___% fructose
enzymatic
high fructose corn syrup is produced from corn by an ______ process
amylopectin
highly branched chain of glucose units
infants
honey can be fatal if given to _____ due to a bacteria it contains
dietary fiber
how are nonstarch polysaccharides listed on food labels?
25
how many grams is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?
5
how many grams of carbohydrates does a serving from the MyPlate vegetable group provide?
12
how many grams of carbohydrates does a serving from the dairy group of MyPlate provide?
130
how many grams per day is the RDA for carbohydrates for adults?
126
how many mg/dl is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
muscle
if carbohydrate intake is inadequate and glycogen stores are deposited, the body can produce more glucose by breaking down ____
glycogen
if no carbohydrates are consumed, the liver's supply of _____ will be depleted within 18 hours
glucose
in the liver, galactose is transformed into _____, the most common monosaccharide
small intestine
in which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin?
hypoglycemia
low blood glucose
monk fruit
luo han guo is the extract of ______
lactose
milk and other dairy products are good sources of _____ (a dissacharide)
calcium d
milk contains two bone-building nutrients: ______ and vitamin ___
simple sugar
monosaccharide or disaccharide in the diet
portal vein
monosaccharides are absorbed into intestinal cells and then enter the ____ for transport to the liver
glucose
most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to ____(another monosaccharide) in the liver
gums
polysaccharides occurring naturally that cause an increase in viscosity; used as thickeners, gels, emulsifiers, and stabilizers
diverticula
pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine
photosynthesis
process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize energy-yielding compounds
2
risk factors for type __ diabetes include: physical inactivity, poor diet, obesity
avoid
should an individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis eat more fiber or avoid fiber?
prediabetic
someone with a blood glucose above 125 mg/dl and hbA1c above 7%
amylose
straight chain of glucose units
fiber
substances in plant foods not digested by the human stomach or small intestine- these add bulk to feces
chlorine
sucralose is made by adding _____ to sucrose
fructose glucose
sucrose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides?
sucrose
sugar beets and maple sugar are examples of natural food sources of _____
hemorrhoid
swelling of a large vein in the anal region
potassium
the "k" in Acesulfame-K stands for ____
10
the WHO recommends an upper limit of ____% of total kcal from added sugars
liver
the _____ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels
glycogen
the advantage of the branched structure of ____ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly
glycemic index
the blood glucose response of a given food, compared to a standard(typically, glucose or white bread). influenced by: starch structure, fiber content, food processing, physical structure, and macronutrients in the meal
diverticulosis
the condition of having many diverticula in the large intestine
half
the dietary guidelines recommend that atleast _____ of our grains come from whole grains
diabetes
the following are traditional symptoms of what disease? -extreme thirst -excessive hunger -frequent urination
metabolic syndrome
the following conditions may be present in a person with __________ ______: - high blood triglycerides - low HDL(good) cholesterol - high fasting glucose - hypertension - large waist circumference
glucose
the form of carbohydrate circulating in the blood that is used for immediate energy is called ____
enzymes
the human GI tract does not have the _____ required to digest fiber
dietary fiber
the individual forms of fiber are not each listed on a food label. Instead, they are grouped together as _____
glucose
the major monosaccharide found in the body
sun
the source of energy for carbohydrate production by plants comes from the ____
6.5
the threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c level greater than ____%
bran endosperm germ
what are the 3 components of a whole grain?
starch
what does "other carbohydrates" on a food label often refer to?
white bread
what food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine the glycemic index?
ketones
what is produced from the partial breakdown of fat and can lead to dehydration, ion imbalance, coma, and even death?
fermentation
what is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen called?
insulin resistance
what is the key element that underlies all the conditions of the metabolic syndrome?
sucrose
what is the primary sugar in the diet?
endosperm
when whole grains are refined, what part of the grain remains in the refined product?
mouth
where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?
stomach
where is salivary amylase inactivated?
small intestine
where is the enzyme lactase produced?
small intestine
where is the lactase enzyme produced?
saccharin
which alternative sweetener has been on the market the longest?
neotame
which alternative sweetener is 7,000-13,000 times sweeter than table sugar?
stevia
which alternative sweetener is derived from a South American shrub?
sucralose
which alternative sweetener is good for cooking because it doesn't break down under high heat conditions?
maltase
which enzyme is made by absorptive cells of the small intestine; this enzyme digests maltose to two glucose
sucralose
which is sweeter tasting: aspartame or sucralose
amylopectin
which polysaccharide is digested most rapidly?
2
which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?
1
which type of diabetes results from inadequate insulin production?
cellulose
which type of fiber is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?
45-65
Carbohydrates should provide _____ of total calories in the diet
42-90
HFCS is corn syrup that has been manufactured to contain between ___ and ____% fructose
18
How many grams of carbohydrates does a serving from the MyPlate fruit group provide?
15
How many grams of carbohydrates does a serving from the grains category provide?
secondary lactose maldigestion
Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
50
The WHO suggests that added sugars provide no more than 10% of total daily intake. Based on a 2,000 kcal diet, this is approximately ___ grams
glucose and galactose
What are 2 monosaccharides that are components of the milk sugar lactose?
dextrose
What is an alternative term for glucose?
sugar alcohols
____ are used in some types of gum, breath mints, and candy because they are not readily metabolized by bacteria to acids in the mouth and thus do not promote tooth decay
red blood
____ cells can only use simple carbohydrates for fuel
insulin
____ decreases blood glucose
viscous
____ fiber is an alternative term for soluble fiber
soluble
____ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine
total
_____ fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food
functional
_____ fiber is the term used for fiber that does not appear naturally in foods but is added to foods?
glucagon
_____ increased blood glucose
cooking
_____ the food can assist the digestion of carbohydrates even before food enters the mouth
maltose
_______ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages?
functional
_____fiber must show beneficial effects in humans
fructose
a 6 carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form: found in fruits and honey; also known as fruit sugar
galactose
a 6 carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form; closely related to glucose
cholesterol
a benefit of soluble fiber is that is reduces total serum _____
hypoglycemia
a blood glucose measurement of 47 indicates _____
fiber
a diet excessive in ___ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc
amylopectin
a digestible branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units
amylose
a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units
nonfermentable
a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria
carb
a high-____ dietary pattern is clearly associated with development of dental caries
epinephrine
a hormone that is released by the adrenal glands at times of stress- it acts to increase glycogen breakdown in the liver, among other functions
25
a medium banana provides approximately what percentage of the RDA for carbohydrates?
lignin
a nonfermentable fiber made up of a multiringed alcohol(noncarbohydrate) structure
prebiotics
a type of functional fiber that includes a group of short-chain carbohydrates or oligosaccharides, resistant to human digestion but fermented by bacteria in the colon
mucilage
a viscous fiber consisting of chains of galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides
pectin
a viscous fiber containing chains of galacturonic acid and other monosaccharides; characteristically found between plant cell walls
sorbitol
alcohol derivative of glucose that yields about 3 kcal/g but is slowly absorbed from the small intestine; used in some sugarless gums and dietetic foods
sucrose
all sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in _____
aspartame
alternative sweetener made of 2 amino acids and methanol; about 200 times sweeter than sucrose
sucralose
alternative sweetener that has chlorines in place of 3 hydroxyl groups on sucrose; 600 times sweeter than sucrose
saccharin
alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body; 300 times sweeter than sucrose
nectresse
alternative term for Luo han guo- it is the extract of the monk fruit
nonfermentable
alternative term for insoluble fibers
syndrome x
alternative term for metabolic syndrome
starch
amylase is a ____-digesting enzyme
adi
an ____ is an estimate of the amount of sweetener that an individual can safely consume on a daily basis over the lifetime
sucrase
an enzyme made by absorptive cells of the small intestine; this enzyme digests sucrose ----> glucose and fructose
amylase
an enzyme that is released from the salivary glands and the pancreas
diverticulitis
an inflammation of the diverticula caused by acids produced by bacterial metabolism inside the diverticula
cellulose
an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules
maltose
(malt sugar) has two glucose molecules bonded together
liver and muscle
2 major storage sites for glycogen
