Ch. 4- Carbohydrates Part 1

An enzyme can be identified because it ends in ______.

-ase (used in biochemistry)

Complex carbs: may contain ______ or more glucose units.

1000

Glycogen: Muscle stores ______kcal. When it is depleted that is called muscle ______.

1400 fatigue

Glycogen: ~ _____kcal present in humans

1800

Glycogen: First identified in _______

1858

Complex carbs: Includes starches in plants that are digestible by humans and composed of ___% amylose and _____% amylopectin

20 80

Glycogen: Liver stores ____kcal and can be depleted in ____ hours.

400 18

Fructose: HFCS is typically ____% fructose and ____% glucose

55 fructose 45 glucose

In the stomach, ______ inactivates the amylase and there is no further _______ ______.

acid starch digestion

Glucose: Helps maintain the ______-______ balance

acid-base

Lactose intolerance: Often develops in earlier ___________.

childhood

____________ are the chemical bonding of two monosaccharides

disaccharides

In the small intestine, there are ______ and an ______ environment that promotes carbohydrate digestion.

enzymes alkaline

Fructose: T/F: It metabolizes the same as glucose

false. bypasses some steps and gets to fat much faster

Glycogen: Can also be stored in ______ and in the ______.

fat brain

Cooking softens ______ parts of plants.

fibrous

Monosaccharides: - ________ has a different structure than the other two.

fructose

Which is sweeter, glucose or fructose?

fructose

Fructose: Also called _______ _________

fruit sugar

Lactose intolerance: Causes abdominal pain, _______, cramps, _______ after consuming an amount of lactose

gas diarrhea

Lactose persistant is actually a _______ ________.

gene mutation

Carbohydrate Absorption: In the liver, fructose and galactose are turned into ________

glucose

Fructose: Converted to _________ and other compounds

glucose

__________ is the major monosaccharide in the body

glucose

Monosaccharides: - __________, ___________, _________ are the kinds we learned about.

glucose fructose galactose

Name the components of sucrose

glucose-fructose

Name the components of lactose

glucose-galactose

Name the components of maltose

glucose-glucose

Starches stored in humans is typically stored as __________.

glycogen

Complex carbs: Found in _______, _________, and ________

grains vegetables fruits

Glycogen: _______ ________ structure allows for fast energy

highly branched

Lactase is high in _____ and reduced in ______

infants adults

Carbohydrate Absorption: Monosaccharides are absorbed by _______ ________

intestinal cells

Ketosis is the build up of ________ bodies in the ______ from ______ breakdown.

ketone blood fat

Glucose: Acid-base balance helps prevent _________.

ketosis

Lactose intolerance is caused by a decrease in ________ production

lactase

Enzymes in the small intestine: These 4 are located in the brush border of the cells that line the inside of the small intestine and are disaccharideases.

lactase maltase sucrase dextrinase

Galactose: Part of the disaccharide ________, which is also known as ______ ______

lactose milk sugar

Carbohydrate Absorption: After being absorbed by the capillaries, carbs are transported to the ________ via the ______ ______.

liver portal vein

Disaccharides: The three we talked about are?

maltose lactose sucrose

What does this equation show: CHO+O2----> energy+H2O+CO2

metabolism (carbon cycle)

Name the simple carbohydrates (sugars).

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Carbohydrate Absorption: Transporter proteins bring ___________ into ___________ cells

monosaccharides; intestinal

Glycogen: Where are the two major storage sites?

muscle liver

Lactose intolerance: How much lactose you consume is key because milk is _______ dense

nutrient

Enzymes in the small intestine: ________ _________- breaks starches in di- and trisaccharides

pancreatic amylase

If lactase is not reduced in adults, it can lead to lactase _________

persistance

Glucose: Spares body _______

proteins

In the mouth, _______ _______ aids in carb digestion. (minimal digestion occurs here and this is not extremely important.)

salivary amylase

Complex carbs: On food labels, "other carbohydrates" typically refers to _______ content.

starch

Complex carbohydrates are called ___________ or ___________.

starch or polysaccharide

Glucose is derived mainly from the digestion of _________ and ____________.

starches and disaccharides

Complex carbs include __________ and __________.

starches and fiber

Monosaccharides: - Basic unit of all carbohydrate ___________.

structure

The ultimate source for carbohydrates is the __________.

sun

Cooking makes starch granules _______ with water, making it easier to ______.

swell digest

Glucose: T/F: all cells use it

true

Enzymes break down starches starting where?

At the ends

Fructose: Name one dietary source

HFCS

Carbohydrate Absorption: Glucose is absorbed by the _______ or stored as _______ or converted to ______.

blood glycogen fat

The two main forms of carbohydrates are what?

blood glucose and glycogen

Glucose is also called ________ _________

blood sugar

Glucose: Supplies fuel (kcal) to red blood cells, _______, and _______ _______

brain exercising muscle

Carbohydrates serve as the main fuel source for which four parts of the body?

brain nerve cells red blood cells exercising muscle