Ch 4- Human Biology

Muscle tissue is considered a tissue because:

it is made up of similar cells that perform a common function.

_____ tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities such as the respiratory tract and endocrine glands.

Epithelial

Mucous membranes are composed of _____ tissue overlying connective tissue.

Epithelium

Urinary System:

Excretes metabolic wastes and helps control internal pH.

Though all of these _____ somewhat, they do not go beyond a certain range. If they do, _____ results.

Fluctuate; Illness

All organ systems are ultimately involved in maintaining _____, or the stability of the body's internal environment.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant internal body temperature is a component of _____, which is the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is called: -Evolution -Natural selection -Autoregulation -Homeostasis

Homeostasis

These _____ have a wide range of effects, including regulating cellular metabolism, regulating fluid and pH balance, and regulating the glucose concentration of the blood.

Hormones

The blood is also a route by which cells of the _____ system, such as lymphocytes, can be distributed throughout the body.

Immune

In this manner, positive feedback results in a(n) _____ in the initial stimulus, whereas negative feedback results in a(n) _____ in the initial stimulus.

Increase; Decrease

Digestive system:

Ingests food, Digests food, absorbs nutrients, & Eliminates waste.

A major function of the sebum secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands is to: -Cool the skin -Regulate the water-salt balance of the body -Provide an energy source for the outer epidermal keratinocytes -Inhibit bacterial growth

Inhibit bacterial growth

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves. The nerves conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord where _____ occurs.

Integration

The skin is the primary organ of the _____ system.

Integumentary

The skin, along with its accessory organs and structures, make up the organ system called the _____ system.

Integumentary

Which two of the following are considered to be the internal environment of the human body? -Plasma -Interstitial fluid -Lymph -Blood -Cerebrospinal fluid

Interstitial fluid & Blood

Respiratory System:

Maintains breathing, exchanges gases at lungs.

The cells of the skin that produce the main pigment for skin color are the _____.

Melanin

Which type of cell is located within the epidermis and produces melanin? -Neutrophil -Osteoblast -Melanophil -Melanocyte

Melanocyte

Select the four types of membranes in the human body. -Epithelial -Meninges -Tympanic -Synovial -Mucous -Serous

Meninges, Synovial, Mucous, & Serous

Another type of nervous tissue, _____, supports neurons and acts to engulf bacterial and cellular debri, while _____ provide nutrients and hormones to neurons.

Microglia & astrocytes

Nerves also conduct impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the _____ and glands, allowing us to respond to both external and internal stimuli.

Muscles

_____ tissue moves the body and its parts.

Muscular

The protective coverings at the ends of the fingers and toes are called _____.

Nails

This control of the internal environment is called homeostasis, and can be observed through the _____ range of the body's pH, temperature, and _____.

Narrow; Blood glucose

When the output of a body system addresses a deviation in an internal condition, driving the condition back to its normal level, this is _____ feedback.

Negative

Between the endocrine and nervous systems, which system brings about rapid responses to any changes in the internal environment? -Endocrine -Nervous

Nervous

_____ tissue receives stimuli, processes that information, and conducts nerve impulses.

Nervous

The four major types of tissue in the human body are connective, muscular, _____, and _____.

Nervous & Epithelial

The sebum that lubricates the skin and hair is secreted by sebaceous glands, also called _____ glands.

Oil

The axon is covered with a sheath of myelin, which is composed of _____ in the brain and spinal cord and composed of _____ elsewhere.

Oligodendrocytes;Schwann cells

The skin contains muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous and connective tissue and therefore is considered a(n): -Cell type -Receptor -Cellular layer -Organ

Organ

The skin contains muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, nervous and connective tissue and therefore is considered a(n): -Receptor. -Organ. -Cell type. -Cellular layer.

Organ

A group of organs that work together is a(n) _____ _____.

Organ system

A group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function is a(n): -Organism -Organelle -Organ system -Organ

Organ system

The _____ cavity contains reproductive organs.

Pelvic

Functions of the skin include which of the following? Select all that apply. -Production of mucus -Protection from pathogens -Secretion of hormones -Protection from water loss -Regulation of body temperature

Protection from pathogens,Protection from water loss, & Regulation of body temperature

The _____ cavity contains the heart, lungs, and esophagus.

Thoracic

A _____ is made up of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function.

Tissue

Which of the following is NOT a type of membrane in the human body? Mucous Transitional Serous Synovial

Transitional

Cardiovascular system:

Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes. Helps control temperature & pH balance.

True or false: The epidermis consists of many layers of stratified squamous epithelial cells which are continually being replaced.

True

True or false: Hair contains keratinized cells.

True (Hair cells become keratinized as they are pushed from the root.)

The digestive, respiratory, and _____ systems are maintenance systems that provide nutrients and remove detrimental substances from the body.

Urinary

The _____ cavity develops from the coelom and is further divided into three other cavities.

Ventral

The human body can be divided into two main body cavities: the _____ body cavity and the _____ body cavity.

Ventral & Dorsal

There are two main cavities within the human body; the larger _____ cavity and the smaller _____ cavity.

Ventral; Dorsal

When the body temperature rises the blood vessels in the dermis of the skin will: -Constrict -Remain the same -Dilate

Dilate

The dorsal cavity is also further divided into the _____ cavity, which contains the brain, and the _____ cavity, which contains the spinal cord.

Cranial; Vertebral

Control systems like the nervous and _____ systems coordinate and regulate the functions of the body's other systems.

Endocrine

The _____ system includes a number of glands, all of which secrete chemical messengers called _____.

Endocrine & Hormones

Along with the nervous system, which system functions to coordinate and regulate the activities of other organ systems? -Endocrine -Integumentary -Cardiovascular -Digestive

Endocrine

Lymphatic & Immune System:

Defends against infectious disease.

They consist of three parts. The _____ receives the signal, the _____ conducts the nerve impulse, and the _____ contains the organelles of the cell.

Dendrite; Axon; Cell body

Sweat glands originate from which layer of the skin? -Dermis -Subcutaneous -Epidermis

Dermis

The layer of the skin that consists of dense fibrous connective tissue is the _____.

Dermis

The two regions of the skin are the epidermis and the _____.

Dermis

Select the two regions that are considered to be part of the skin. -Dermis -Hypodermis -Epidermis -Subcutaneous layer -Muscularis

Dermis & Epidermis

Arrange the levels of biological organization of animals from simplest to most complex, with the simplest organization level at the top. -Cells -Organ systems -Tissues -Organs

-Cells -Tissues -Organs -Organ Systems

Which of these are accessory organs of the skin? Select all that apply. -Subcutaneous layer -Glands -Nails -Hair follicles

-Glands, Nails, Hair follicles

Select all correct descriptions of the subcutaneous layer. -It lies beneath the dermis. -It contains loose connective tissue. -It normally contains adipose tissue. -It is also called the epidermis. -It is a common site for injections.

-It lies beneath the dermis. -It contains loose connective tissue. -It normally contains adipose tissue. -It is a common site for injections.

Select all correct statements about the dermis. -it contains collagen and elastic fibers -it is composed of loose fibrous connective tissue -it contains blood vessels and sensory receptors -it contains Langerhans cells and melanocytes -it lies on top of the epidermis

-it contains collagen and elastic fibers -it contains blood vessels and sensory receptors

Positive feedback is different from negative feedback in that a positive feedback mechanism causes: -No change to occur. -A change in the same direction as the original deviation. -A change in the opposite direction as the original deviation.

A change in the same direction as the original deviation.

Select the four major types of tissue in the human body.

Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, & Nervous

The body maintains a relatively _____ internal environment by adjusting its _____.

Constant; Physiological process

The _____ cavity contains the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, and pancreas.

Abdominal

The ventral cavity consists of the thoracic, _____ and _____ cavities.

Abdominal & Pelvic

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback system?

After drinking lots of water, the kidneys excrete a lot of dilute urine.

While regulating internal variables is energetically expensive, it is evolutionarily _____ as it allows that organism to adapt to many different environments.

Beneficial

The two parts of the internal environment are the _____ and interstitial fluid.

Blood

Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removes their waste molecules, including _____.

Carbon dioxide

The transport systems, specifically the _____ and lymphatic systems, allow necessary materials to circulate through the body.

Cardiovascular

In the _____ system, the heart pumps blood and sends it under pressure into the blood vessels. While blood is moving throughout the body, it distributes heat produced by the _____.

Cardiovascular & Muscles

Which list correctly lists the levels of biological organization from the simplest to most complex?

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a _____ function in the body. The tissues of the human body can be categorized into four major types.

Common

_____ tissue binds and supports body parts and is the most diverse type of tissue found in the human body. Connective tissue may be represented by such diverse structures as bone, cartilage, or blood.

Connective

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback system? -An increase in calcium concentration stimulates the release of a hormone that stores calcium. -After eating, blood sugar (glucose) levels rise so the pancreas releases a hormone to stimulate its conversion into glycogen to store in the liver. -Puppies suckling at the mother's teat increase the amount of hormone that stimulates the release of more milk.

Puppies suckling at the mother's teat increase the amount of hormone that stimulates the release of more milk.

Nails grow from a specialized epithelial cells in the portion of the nail called the nail:

Root

A homeostatic mechanism that brings about changes in the _____ direction is called positive feedback.

Same

For example, when a woman is giving birth, contractions cause the baby's head to press against the cervix, activating the _____.

Sensor

The _____ activates nerve impulses that reach the _____ in the brain, which in turn, releases oxytocin, causing further contractions.

Sensor; Control center

Neurons are specialized nervous tissue cells that function to conduct signals to and from _____ and the brain.

Sensory receptors

The _____ and muscular systems protect the body and are involved in motor activity.

Skeletal

The organ that protects from pathogen invasion and water loss, and also serves to regulate body temperature, is the _____.

Skin

Which of these organs are lined by mucous membranes? Select all that apply. -Stomach -Nose -Heart -Vagina -Mouth

Stomach, Nose, Vagina, & Mouth

The epidermal layer of the skin is made up of what specific type of epithelium?

Stratified squamous

The epidermal layer of the skin is made up of what specific type of epithelium? -Simple columnar -Stratified squamous -Stratified cuboidal -Simple squamous

Stratified squamous

The layer of connective tissue directly below the dermis of the skin is the _____ layer.

Subcutaneous

Which tissue layer lies between the skin and underlying tissues and is not considered a skin layer? -Subcutaneous layer -Superficial muscular layer -Epidermis -Dermis

Subcutaneous layer

The glands in the skin associated with regulating body temperature are the _____ glands, of which there are two types: apocrine and eccrine.

Sweat

Two different types of glands associated with the skin include oil (sebaceous) glands and sudoriferous glands, which are more commonly called _____ glands.

Sweat

The integumentary system includes:

Sweat glands, Hair, Skin, & Nails

Blood vessels of the skin will constrict when: -Body temperature rises. -The outer temperature rises. -The outer temperature cools.

The outer temperature cools.

Integumentary system

The skin, protects the body, receives sensory input, helps control temperature, & synthesizes vitamin D.