Ch 4

List the three abilities of intelligence as identified by Howard Gardner.

1. The ability to solve problems once encounters in life 2. The ability to generate new problems to solve 3. The ability to make something or offer a service that is valued within one's culture

Cognitive deficits are the:

lacking of information about a situation

In Piaget's theory the central concept of _______________ is defined as an internalized representation of the world or an ingrained and systematic pattern of thought, action, and problem solving.

schema

Research findings on gender differences in moral reasoning suggest:

there are no conclusive statements that can be made at this time

A feeling disposition that is stable, less intense, and less tied to a specific situation is:

Mood

A major approach to social work practice with the premise that all of us are engaged in an ongoing process of constructing a life story that determines our understanding of ourselves is:

Narrative theory

__________ can be defined as one's mind and mental processes.

Personal psychology

1Billy is in trouble with his parents for breaking his little sister's toy on purpose. He hides in his room to avoid punishment. Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development does this situation define?

Preconventional morality

Emotions that mobilize us, focus our attention, and signal our state of mind to others are:

Primary emotions

____________ theory continues to be influential in social work through the theories of ego psychology, self psychology, and relational theory.

Psychoanalytic

A theory that is based on the primacy of internal drives and unconscious mental activity is:

Psychoanalytic theory

Which theoretical perspective explains human beings as pleasure seekers and feelers, not as thinkers?

Psychodynamic

A systematic pattern of thought, action, and problem solving that is an internalized representation of the world is:

Schema

Emotions that are socially acquired are:

Secondary emotions

List and define Piaget's stages of cognitive operations.

Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years): The infant is egocentric; he or she gradually learns to coordinate sensory and motor activities and develops a beginning sense of objects existing apart from the self Preoperational stage (2-7 years): The child remains primarily egocentric but discovers rules (regularities) that can be applied to new incoming information. The child tends to overgeneralize rules, however, and thus makes many cognitive errors Concrete operations stage (7-11 years): The child can solve concrete problems through the application of logical problem-solving strategies Formal operations stage (11-adulthood): The person becomes able to solve real and hypothetical problems using abstract concepts

Bob, a 12- year-old, watched his father always open the door for his mother and does the same for girls at school. This is an example of what kind of learning?

Social learning

List and describe Gilligan's three stages of moral development.

Survival orientation: egocentric concerns of emotional and physical survival are primary Conventional care: the person defines as right those actions that please significant others Integrated care: a person's right actions take into account the needs of others as well as the self

A person's conscious or preconscious thinking processes are:

Cognition

When did theories of cognition emerge?

1950's

What is the DSM-5?

A resource for clinical diagnoses (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

According to cognitive theories, sources of problems for an individual may involve all of the following except: A. lack of emotion regulation B. cognitive distortions C. cognitive deficits D. inaccurate assessments of the environment

A. lack of emotion regulation

Greg is usually a very assertive person but recently experienced a situation where his boss was very angry, which had never happened before. Greg became very passive and quiet. His response is one of:

Accommodation

A term which refers only to the physiological manifestations of feelings is:

Affect

When Dan responds to an experience based on his existing pattern of thought, action, and problem solving, this is known as:

Assimilation

Our experience of emotion is based on the conscious evaluations we make about physiological sensations in particular social settings or the belief that cognition produces emotions is referred to as:

Attribution theory

26. The DSM provides: A. a categorization of disorders diagnosed only in adulthood B. a way to conceptualize social functioning as a mismatch between person and environment C. a medical perspective to human functioning D. the definitive and most comprehensive classification system of human functioning

C. a medical perspective to human functioning

Narrative theory: A. considers all personal experience as fundamentally ambiguous B. strives to empower clients to gain greater control over their lives C. is consistent with the self as a flow of experience D. all of the above are true of narrative theory

D. all of the above are true of narrative theory

Jean Piaget's cognitive theory is best understood using which of the major theoretical perspectives:

Developmental

Bob has learned through his own experience that it is better to work on your homework right after school than to wait until right before bed. This is an example of what kind of learning?

Direct learning

A person's conscious mental functioning takes place within the _______, which is part of the personality responsible for negotiating between internal drives and the outside world.

Ego

A feeling state that is characterized by our appraisal of a stimulus, by changes in bodily sensations, and by displays of expressive gestures is:

Emotion

The concept of self as an ongoing process of experience, a process of learning, a process to which there is no end, is incorporated in the philosophy and practice of:

Existentialism

True or False. The common cognitive error of absolute thinking can be described as focusing only on the negative aspects of a situation and overlooking its positive aspects.

False. Absolute thinking is viewing experiences as all good or all bad and failing to understand that experiences can be a mixture of both.

True or False. Direct learning takes place through watching and absorbing the experiences of others.

False. Direct learning takes place through one's own experiences

True or False. Affect refers to a feeling state characterized by our appraisal of a stimulus, which includes changes in bodily sensations, and displays of expressive gestures.

False. It is only the physiological manifestations of feelings.

True or False. The common cognitive error of overgeneralization can be described as creating large problems out of small ones.

False. Overgeneralization is assuming that deficiencies in one area of life necessarily imply deficiencies in other areas

Which concept of self may be closer to what we actually live than any of the other concepts:

Flow of experience

Define intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence.

Intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand yourself, to know who you are, what you can do, what you want to do, how you react to things, which things to avoid, which things to gravitate toward, and where to go if you need help. They are aware of their range of emotions and can find outlets for expressing feelings and thoughts. They are motivated to pursue goals and live by an ethical value system. Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and communicate with others, to note differences in moods, temperaments, motivations, and skills. It includes the ability to form and maintain relationship and assume various roles within groups and the ability to adapt behavior to different environments. It also includes the ability to perceive diverse perspectives on social and political issues.

Define emotional intelligence and describe what it includes and involves.

It is a person's ability to process information about emotions accurately and effectively and, consequently to regulate emotions in an optimal manner. It includes self-control, zest and persistence, and the ability to motivate oneself, understand and regulate one's own emotions, and read and deal effectively with other people's feelings.

List and define three of the six concepts of the self.

The self as unfolding potentials: (humanistic perspective) person-centered theory says that every human being is a unique biological organism, born with inherent, organically based potentials and ideally striving to lead a life in which the sense of "self" is consistent with those potentials The self as cognitive structure: (humanistic perspective) all of us are in touch with our conscious thinking processes and may come to accept them as representing our essence. Includes self-representations that develop within our schemata. The self as thinker implies that action and emotion originate in thought The self as shared symbolic experience: (social constructionist perspective) the product of symbols that we negotiate and share with other people in our culture. We develop a sense of meaning in the world through interaction with our physical and social environments, which include other people but also all manifestations of cultural life. The mind represents our capacity to respond subjectively to external stimuli through conceptualizing, defining, symbolizing, valuing, and reflecting

The theory of _____________________ constitutes a major step forward in our understanding of how people come to possess different types of cognitive skills and how the same person is able to effectively use cognitive skills in some areas of life but not others.

Theory of multiple intelligences

34. True or False. A theory which posits that we are motivated by nature to experience pleasure and avoid pain is social learning theory.

True

True or False. A person's sensitivity to and knowledge of what is right and wrong is known as morality.

True

True or False. Mood is a feeling disposition that is more stable and less intense and less tied to a specific situation than emotion.

True

True or False. The common cognitive error of personalization can be described as accepting blame for negative events without sufficient evidence.

True

True or False. The theory of information processing offers details about how our cognitive processes are organized.

True

True or False. The process of assimilation involves changing schemata when new situations cannot be incorporated within an existing one.

True.

True or False. Naturalist Intelligence is one of the multiple intelligences identified by Howard Gardner.

True. Naturalist intelligence is the ability to recognize and categorize objects and processes in nature. Naturalist intelligence leads to talent in caring for, taming, and interacting with the natural environment, including living creatures.

In the theory of multiple intelligence, the brain is best understood as:

a central unit that houses separate cognitive faculties

The section of the brain more focused on the external environment and on 'rational' functions is:

forebrain