ch 4 PSC

How do humans judge temperature without the use of instruments such as thermometers? Choose the most common process.

By sensing the flow of energy either into or away from their bodies

The laws of thermodynamics are concerned with relationships between which of the following items? (Choose all that apply.)

Heat Work Mechanical energy

is the name we use to describe the phase of matter that is a type of gas made of positive ions and negative electrons and is often found in very high temperature conditions.

Plasma

The relationship between a change in energy and volume is ______, and the relationship between volume and density is ______.

direct; inverse

Oxygen (O2) is an example of a(n) ______,whereas water (H2O) is an example of a(n) ______. Both are composed of atoms, and both can be considered molecules.

element, compound

Low-quality energy has less order and coherence than high-quality energy, so it is______ able to work

less

The molecules in a ______ flow over each other, yet are held together with relatively strong forces.

liquid

The heat involved in a liquid-gas phase change, that is, evaporation or condensation, is called the latent heat of

vaporization

In a heat pump, unlike a heat engine, ______.

work is used to cool a low-temperature region and heat a higher-temperature region

What is a vapor?

A vapor is the gaseous form of a substance that is usually found in the liquid phase.

The molecules in a ______ are at regular distances from each other and are bound by relatively strong cohesive forces.

solid

The phase of matter that has a definite shape and volume is a(n)

solid

Liquids change to gases at relatively low temperatures because ______.

some of the liquid's molecules have high enough energy to escape into the surrounding atmosphere

________ heat refers to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius.

specific

When you refer to how hot or cold an object is, you are describing its

temperature

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance is proportional to ______. (Select all that apply.)

the specific heat of the substance the temperature change the mass of the sample

Heat is a measurement of ______.

the total internal energy of the molecules of an object

True or false: The specific heat of an object affects how readily it heats and/or cools.

true

How is molecular motion increased? (Choose all that apply.)

Adding heat through a temperature difference Absorbing energy

What is the basic premise of the kinetic molecular theory?

All matter is made of atoms.

When considering the interaction of molecules, ______, is the attractive force between the same kind of molecules, whereas ______ is the attractive force between different kinds of molecules.

Cohesion, Adhesion

If energy is conserved, how is it possible to change the state of a thermodynamic system by allowing heat to flow in or out, or work to be done on or by the system?

Energy is only conserved if you consider the system plus all its surroundings.

This is a thermodynamic measure of disorder.

Entropy

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the external and internal energy of an object?

External energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of the object; internal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of the object's molecules.

In both the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, there exists 100 intervals between the freezing and boiling of water, while in the _____ scale, there are 180 degrees between these two points.

Fahrenheit

True or false: The phase change between a liquid and a solid occurs at different temperatures dependent upon the direction of the phase change; for example, the temperature of water freezing is different from the temperature of ice melting.

False

The rate of evaporation can be increased by _______ both the temperature of the liquid and the surface area, removing the water vapor above the surface, and _______ the atmospheric pressure.

Increasing, decreasing

Which of the following is true regarding the latent heat of fusion during melting?

It is used to break molecular bonds.

Which of the following is true regarding the latent heat of vaporization during condensation?

It originates from the condensing gas.

Which of the following correctly describes the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales? (Choose all that apply.)

Neither is more accurate than the other. The numbers used are relative measures of temperature change. They both are arbitrarily assigned.

What are the three primary qualities that affect how much heat is needed to change the physical state of an object?

Starting temperature of the object Mass of the object Nature of the object

With a decrease in ______ the average velocity of a gas's molecules will slow down.

Temperature

What are the two general ways in which the heating of an object occurs?

The object obtains heat through a transfer from a second object with a higher temperature. The object gains heat through an energy conversion.

What is the correct description of energy flow for saturated air above a body of water?

There is no net energy flow.

Given two solid objects of the same initial temperature and mass, why would one melt at a different temperature than the other?

They are made of different materials that have different specific heats.

True or false: The primary difference between the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales is the number of degrees that divide the freezing and boiling of water.

True

Using the Kelvin temperature scale, the lowest temperature possible is called ______ zero. This is the point at which molecular motion ceases.

absolute

Radiation is a type of heat energy transfer that occurs between two objects ______.

as long as there is a temperature difference between the two

Temperature is based on the ______ molecular kinetic energy of a body.

average

The transfer of energy from one molecule to another is called ______.

conduction

The first law of thermodynamics commonly is described as an application of the law of conservation of energy, which states _____

energy can be neither created nor destroyed, just transformed from one form to another

The first law of thermodynamics can be summarized as follows: The heat energy supplied to a system, minus the work done by the system, is ______ the change in internal energy.

equal to

A liquid may turn to a gas at any temperature through the process of _________ , although it does occur more readily with an increase in the liquid's temperature.

evaporation

The measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one object to another is

heat

A device that converts heat into mechanical energy is called a ______.

heat engine

The second law of thermodynamics states that ______.

heat naturally moves from warmer areas to cooler areas

Traditional thermometers are based upon the idea that substances expand or contract at set rates due to changes in temperature, whereas modern thermometers measure the intensity of the______ radiation emitted from objects such as the human body.

infrared

Plasmas are like gases but can also ______. (Choose all that apply.)

interact strongly with magnetic fields conduct electricity

The degradation of energy ______.

is irreversible

It gets warmer when it rains because the phase transition of water vapor to rain releases heat. This type of heat is known as ______ heat.

latent

The quantity of heat associated with a phase change is called ______ heat

latent

A(n) diatomic molecule is one composed of two atoms, whereas a monatomic molecule is composed of ______

one atom

A ________ occurs when a solid, liquid, or gas transitions from one phase to another.

phase change

Humans usually judge temperature with their senses in a ______ manner. Assume no instruments are used.

relative