Ch. 5

types of nonprobability sampling

-convenience -quota

types of probability sampling

-simple random sampling -stratified random sampling -systematic sampling -cluster sampling

probability sampling

a category of sampling in which a sample is elected directly from the target population

nonprobability sampling

a category of sampling in which a sample is selected from the accessible population (not directly from target population)

What is the method of sampling in which subgroups of individuals are identified in a population, and then a portion of subgroups that are representative of the population are selected such that all individuals in the selected subgroups are included in the sample? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Simple random sampling d. Stratified random sampling

a. Cluster sampling

Which category of sampling is used when the probability of selecting each individual in a population is known and every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected? a. Probability sampling b. Non-probability sampling c. Both probability and non-probability sampling could be correct d. Neither probability nor non-probability sampling could be correct

a. Probability sampling

A "participant pool" typically consists of: a. college students. b. a sum of money. c. animal colonies. d. aquatic equipment.

a. college students.

For very large populations, sampling without replacement is associated with ____ changes in probabilities from one selection to the next. a. negligible b. moderate c. substantial d. zero

a. negligible

A type of quota sampling in which an equal number of subjects or participants are selected for a given characteristic or demographic, is called: a. simple quota sampling. b. simple random sampling. c. proportionate random sampling. d. proportionate quota sampling.

a. simple quota sampling.

A method of sampling in which the first participant is selected using simple random sampling, and then every nth person is systematically selected until all participants have been selected, is called: a. systematic sampling. b. simple random sampling. c. cluster sampling. d. stratified random sampling.

a. systematic sampling.

Sampling with replacement is associated with ____ changes in probabilities from one selection to the next. a. zero b. moderate c. substantial d. minimal

a. zero

simple random sampling

all individuals in the population have an equal chance of being selected Two types: sampling with replacement & sampling without replacement

Which of the following identifies a sampling design that is NOT a type of probability sampling method? a. A method of sampling is used such that all individuals in a population have an equal chance of being selected and are selected using sampling with replacement. b. A method of sampling is used in which participants are selected for a research study based on how easy it is to reach or access them. c. A method of sampling is used in which the first participant is selected using simple random sampling, and then every nth person is systematically selected until all participants have been selected. d. A method of sampling is used in which a population is divided into subgroups or strata; participants are then selected from each subgroup using simple random sampling, and combined into one overall sample.

b. A method of sampling is used in which participants are selected for a research study based on how easy it is to reach or access them.

To select a sample of children for a behavioral study, a researcher places ads in the local area asking for any parents with children to please consider volunteering for the study. The children of any parents who replied to the ads were included in the sample. What type of sampling method was described in this example? a. Probability sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Quota sampling d. Cluster sampling

b. Convenience sampling

Which of the following is a type of stratified random sampling? a. Simple stratified random sampling b. Systematic stratified random sampling c. Partially stratified random sampling d. Complex stratified random sampling

b. Systematic stratified random sampling

A type of population that constitutes only a portion of all members of a population that can be clearly identified and directly sampled from, is called: a. target population. b. accessible population. c. sample. d. representative sample.

b. accessible population.

A method of sampling in which subjects or participants are selected based on known or unknown criteria or characteristics in the target population, is called: a. random sampling. b. quota sampling. c. proportionate sampling. d. systematic sampling.

b. quota sampling.

Simple quota sampling is used when characteristics in a target population are ______; proportionate quota sampling is used when characteristics in a target population are ______. a. known; unknown b. unknown; known c. systematic; random d. random; systematic

b. unknown; known

Academic departments include which of the following policies to ensure that participant pools are filled only with students willing to volunteer as participants in research? a. Class grades are never contingent on actual participation in a research study. b. Students are given alternative options to receive a grade. c. Class grades are never contingent on actual participation in a research study and students are given alternative options to receive a grade. d. Only require participation in research studies if students are psychology majors.

c. Class grades are never contingent on actual participation in a research study and students are given alternative options to receive a grade.

A professor selects a sample of participants from his class by asking them to "count off" by twos. He selects every student who counted himself or herself as a "one" to participate. Is this procedure an example of simple random sampling? a. Yes, because participants chose their numbers at random. b. Yes, because the order of counting was randomized. c. No, because instead a systematic procedure was used. d. It depends on whether a student was a "one" or a "two".

c. No, because instead a systematic procedure was used.

1. A researcher selects a sample of participants from a small population by placing all of their names in a hat and selecting their names one at a time, replacing each name after it was selected. What type of sampling method is described in this example? a. Probability sampling b. Simple random sampling c. Probability sampling and simple random sampling d. Convenience sampling

c. Probability sampling and simple random sampling

Which method of sampling divides a population into subgroups then selects participants from each subgroup using simple random sampling, and combines all participants into one overall sample? a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Stratified random sampling d. Cluster sampling

c. Stratified random sampling

The standard deviation of a sampling distribution of sample means, is called: a. sample mean. b. sampling error. c. standard error. d. summation.

c. standard error. (DIFFERENT FROM SAMPLING ERROR)

one sample t test

compare sample mean for a variable against a known population mean for the same variable (average BMI in a sample against average BMI for pop.) can also be used to compare two sample means from different databases 1. when one sample mean is known but not in dataset 2. do religious behaviors differ between health science students at Clemson and psychology students at a midsized, Western university

Which of the following is a reason that nonresponse bias can be problematic except? a. It could limit a sample to be representative of only the portion of the population that is willing to respond to a survey or request to participate in a study. b. Individuals in a population who respond to surveys or postings asking for participants are likely to be systematically different from those who do not. c. The resulting sample could favor the individuals or groups who respond to a survey or request to participate in a study. d. Favors individuals or groups over others.

d. Favors individuals or groups over others.

Which type of quota sampling is used when characteristics in a target population are unknown? a. Random b. Proportionate c. Systematic d. Simple

d. Simple

A statistical procedure used to test hypotheses concerning the mean of interval or ratio data in a single population with an unknown variance, is called: a. standard error. b. descriptive statistics. c. differentiation. d. one sample t-test.

d. one sample t-test.

Cluster sampling is different from stratified sampling in that: a. cluster sampling is a type of probability sampling method, whereas stratified sampling is a type of non-probability sampling method. b. a random sample of individuals in each subgroup are included in a using cluster sampling, whereas a sample some subgroups are omitted from a sample using stratified sampling. c. cluster sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling method, whereas stratified sampling is a type of probability sampling method. d. some subgroups are omitted from a sample using cluster sampling, whereas a random sample of individuals in each subgroup are included in a sample using stratified sampling.

d. some subgroups are omitted from a sample using cluster sampling, whereas a random sample of individuals in each subgroup are included in a sample using stratified sampling.

The ________ is the distance that sample mean values can deviate from the value of the population mean. a. sample mean b. sampling error c. differentiation d. standard error

d. standard error

sampling without replacement

each individual selected is not replaced before the next selection (should not produce a nonrepresentative sample when populations are large)

simple quota sampling

equal number of representatives of different populations (used when characteristics in a target population are unknown)

sampling error

extent to which samples are selected from the same population differ from one another

Participant

human that volunteers to be subjected to research procedures

sampling with replacement

individual selected is replaced before the next selection is made to ensure that the probability of selecting an individual is always the same

Subject

nonhuman primate that is subjected to research procedures also a term to describe certain research designs (between-subjects & within-subjects designs)

convenience sampling

participants selected based on their availability (common with college students and does not ensure that sample will be representative of population) -type of nonprobability

stratified random sampling

population is divided into subgroups or strata participants are then selected from each subgroup using simple random sampling and combined into one overall sample

proportionate quota sampling

selecting a specific number or % of participants based on their representation in the population

quota sampling

selecting specific number or percentage of participants based on select characteristics (usually a demographic characteristic)

Sample

some subgroup of the population

cluster sampling

subgroups or clusters of individuals in the selected clusters are included in the sample 1. clusters that are not sampled are omitted 2. there can be substantial variation in the characteristics of people in different clusters 3. good when certain population clusters are less accessible

non-response bias

systematic refusals to participate results in a non representative way

systematic sampling

the first participant is selected using simple random sampling and then every nth person is systematically selected until all participants have been selected

Population

the group that researchers wish to study

standard error of the mean

the standard error or distance that sample mean value can deviate from the value of the population mean

sampling bias

when sampling procedure results in the disproportionate representation of certain types of individuals or groups in the sample