Ch 5

According to the differential labeling view, the probability being brought under the control of legal authority is a function of a person's _________.

All of the above affect the probability of being brought under the control of legal authority.

_____ wrote about the plight of the African American community resulting from the effects of globalization.

William Julius Wilson

Anthony Platt, in his influential book The Child Savers, argued that the real goal of the child-saving movement was to __________.

maintain order and control while preserving the existing class system

Using humanistic, nonpunitive strategies to right wrongs and restore social harmony is referred to as ________________.

restorative justice

The effort to reassess a person's identity after a deviant has occurred so that the perception of previous behavior "makes sense" in light of the current behavior and labeling (when there was no suspicion and no involvement by the authorities before) is called ______________.

retrospective reading

According to Becker those kids who continually break rules but are able to avoid labeling are called _____.

secret deviants

Peacemaking techniques based on Native American practices in which offenders, victims, and other community members are brought together in an effort to formulate a sanction that addresses the needs of all are referred to as _______________.

sentencing circles

_____ theory emphasizes that those with money and power succeed in shaping the law to meet their needs and maintain their interests.

Social conflict

The roots of social reaction theory can be found in a branch of sociology known as

Symbolic interaction

_____ theorists view delinquency as a normal response to the conditions created by capitalism.

Conflict

_____ theory is oriented toward the economic and political interests of those in power.

Conflict

Social conflict theory is also called _____ theory.

Critical

_________ is the process of social typing that transforms an offender's identity from a doer of evil to an evil person.

Dramatization of evil

Critical theorists believe _____ has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression.

Globalization

According to _____________, moral entrepreneurs are people who construct rules.

Howard becker

Criminal prosecution in _________ proceeds only when the normal process of public apology, compensation, and the victim's forgiveness breaks down.

Japan

According to _____________ theory, society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing youths and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity.

Labeling

Social reaction theory is also commonly called _____ theory

Labeling

______ deviance involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten.

Primary

Restorative justice would reject concepts such as __________. would reject concepts such as "punishment," "deterrence," and "incarceration."

Punishment and deterrence

According to Becker those kids who engage in delinquency and also get caught and labeled are called _____________.

Pure deviants

_____ deviance occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label and apply consequences (punishment) around which the offender reorganizes his behavior and personality

Secondary

_____ is the feeling we experience when we do not meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us.

Shame

According to Kai Erickson and other social reaction theorists

a property conferred upon some behaviors by people who witness the behavior, or audience

When children conform to the negative expectations of teachers, parents, and others whose opinions are important to them, and they become the person these people perceive them to be, it is referred to as ____________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Sociologist Harold Garfinkel describes ___________ in which the public identity of an offender is transformed in a solemn process where the targeted person is thrust outside the social mainstream

degradation ceremonies

Substituting alternative community-based sanctions for state training schools is a policy known as _____.

deinstitutionalization

In ________, the offender and the victim, along with members of their support system, are brought together by a trained facilitator to discuss how they and others have been harmed by the offense and how that harm might be repaired.

family group conferencing

The process in which a person becomes aware of how other people see them, which then becomes a basis for self perception is called __________

reflected appraisal

Techniques used to allow offenders to understand and recognize their wrongdoing and shame themselves are referred to as _________ and must be followed by forgiveness and acceptance

reintegrative shaming