CH 5: Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Multicellular in adult form Eukaryotic

Identify all the characteristics of helminths.

matrix

'' In the mitochondrion, the ________ is a chemically complex fluid that is found within the spaces around the cristae and contains ribosomes.

circular

Mitochondrial DNA is ______.

are free-living

Most fungi ______.

true

Most protozoa are unicellular free-living organisms.

Chloroplast

Which organelle is NOT found in most protozoa?

sporozoites

are cells produced by the apicomplexa via sexual reproduction that exhibit a unique gliding form of motility.

Plankton

are floating communities of algae that play essential roles in food webs and oxygen production.

mycelium

A network of tubular cells which cluster together to form the visible growth of Rhizopus fungi is called a _____.

liver cancer

Aflatoxin is the product of a mold that can cause ______ in humans.

mitosis

The cellular process in which the chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell are separated equally into daughter cells is called ______.

thylakoids

The single membrane disc-like sacs within a chloroplast are called ______.

sporangiospores

Two subtypes of asexual fungal spores are conidiospores and .

Endosymbiosis

the _____________ theory is used to describe the origin of some eukaryotic organelles.

Golgi apparatus

From which organelle do lysosomes originate?

About 65,000

How many different species of protozoa have been identified?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Free-floating in the cytoplasm

Identify the cellular locations of 80S ribosomes.

Infected animals Contaminated soil Contaminated food/water

Identify the common modes of transmission of helminths to humans.

heterotrophic

Microbes that are pathogenic to humans and animals are ______ in their requirement for pre-formed organic matter.

70

Mitochondria contain bacterial-sized _________S ribosomes.

flagella

What is the method of locomotion for the intestinal parasite Giardia?

ATP production

What is the principal function of mitochondria?

Blood-sucking vectors

What is the route of transmission of Trypanosoma?

Ectoplasm

What name is given to the clear outer layer of cytoplasm found in an amoeba?

Endoplasm

What name is given to the liquid fraction within protozoans that contains granular materials?

Thylakoids of chloroplasts

Where is chlorophyll pigment located in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells?

In the nucleus

Where is the nucleolus located within an eukaryotic cell?

Flukes Roundworms Tapeworms

Which are helminths?

Divide by transverse fission Contain a micronucleus Contain a macronucleus Have a definite mouth and feeding organelle

Which are some common characteristics of most ciliated protozoans?

Protein Nucleic acid

Which biomolecules are found in chromatin?

nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion

Which components would be found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a prokaryotic cell?

Organelle

Which defines an intracellular, membrane-bound component of a eukaryotic cell?

High moisture

Which environmental condition favors the trophozoite form in protozoa?

moisture

Which environmental factor is most critical for protozoal growth?

Mitochondrion Nucleus Golgi apparatus

Which eukaryotic structures are NOT present in prokaryotic cells?

Apicomplexa

Which group of protozoa are nonmotile?

Lipid synthesis

Which is NOT a function of a vacuole?

True

True or false: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

True

True or false: Fungi and most algae have a thick cell wall.

True

True or false: Many eukaryotic cells have a glycocalyx.

true

True or false: Most protozoa are non-pathogenic, free-living inhabitants of water and soil.

true

True or false: Sexual reproduction in fungi will involve meiosis.

true

True or false: Some ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

Protein synthesis

Which is NOT a function of ectoplasm in protozoans?

Chloroplast

Which is larger, a mitochondrion or a chloroplast?

Contain both a macronucleus and a micronucleus

Which of the following accurately describes the distribution of genetic material in most ciliated protozoa?

Algae Fungi

Which of the following are considered to have relatively thick cell walls?

Mushrooms Gill fungi Puffballs

Which of the following are macroscopic fungi?

Microtubules Intermediate filaments Actin filaments

Which of the following are the main types of cytoskeletal fibers?

Cell wall thickness

Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to identify fungi?

sexual

Which of the following forms of reproduction leads to the greatest variation in offspring genetics?

Location for ribosome RNA synthesis

Which of the following generally defines the nucleolus?

Fungi

Which of the following groups contain members which are capable of having hyphae?

Rough

Which of the following is used to describe the type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes associated with its membrane?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following organelles has both an inner and an outer membrane?

Lysosomes

Which of the following organelles is immediately involved in phagocytic function by white blood cells?

Golgi

Which of the following organelles typically receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum?

They are both unicellular and multicellular They are eukaryotes

Which of the following statements are true about algae?

Nuclear envelope

Which of the following structures separates DNA from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

Grana

Which of the following terms describes the stacks of thylakoids located within chloroplasts?

yeast

Which of the following terms describes the unicellular form of a microscopic fungus?

Eukaryotic

Which of the following terms distinguishes algae from bacteria?

matrix

Which region of the mitochondrion contains fluid, ribosomes and is the location for the metabolic cycle?

They are a survival mechanism for fungi in inhospitable environments. They allow for multiplication. They can be used to identify some fungal species.

Which statement(s) accurately reflects characteristics of fungal spores?

Contractile vacuole

Which structure helps regulate osmotic pressure in protozoan cells which live in hypotonic environments?

Pseudohyphae

Which term is used to describe elongated structures found in some yeast cells where buds remain attached in a row?

septa

Which term refers to cross walls found in some fungal hyphae?

Some amoebas are large enough to be visible without a microscope. Amoebas are protozoans.

Which two of the following statements regarding protozoans are correct?

structurally complex contains microtubules

Which two of these terms are better applied to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella?

structurally complex and contains microtubles

Which two of these terms are better applied to eukaryotic flagella than to bacterial flagella?

Sporozoites

Which type of cells, produced following sexual reproduction in apicomplexans, are important in transmission of infections?

Dimorphic

Which type of fungi can exhibit growth in either the hyphal or yeast forms?

Everyone

Who is susceptible to parasitic protozoan infections?

cyst

a __________is a dormant, resting state of a protozoan cell.

Microtubules

are long, hollow protein fibers that comprise the cytoskeleton.

vacuoles

are membrane-bound structures within cells which contain fluids and/or particles and typically act as temporary storage.

thylakoid

saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

Trophozoite

A is the vegetative, free-living form of a protozoan cell.

Organelle

A(n) ___________ is defined as an intracellular, membrane-bound component of a eukaryotic cell.

organelle

A(n) is defined as an intracellular, membrane-bound component of a eukaryotic cell.

Protista

Algae and protozoa are classified in which kingdom?

oxygen

Algae produce (a gas) which benefits us greatly and is used in aerobic respiration.

Photosynthesis

Algae use a well known metabolic process called for the production of their food.

conidiospores

Asexual ______ are free fungal spores that develop by pinching off or by segmentation of hyphae.

mitotic

Asexual fungal spores arise by______ division of a single parent cell

mitosis

Asexual spores, such as conidia, are formed by which process?

Number of nuclei Size and shape of the cell Method of motility Presence of special organelles or cysts

Identify a few of the characteristics used in the identification of protozoa from clinical samples.

encystment

In nutrient-poor conditions, a trophozoite cell rounds up into a sphere and its ectoplasm secretes a thick cuticle around the cell membrane. This process is called _____.

Ectoplasm

In protozoa, the layer of the cytoplasm called the ________ plays roles in locomotion, feeding, and protection.

Immigrants from countries in which the parasites are prevalent Those living in impoverished communities

In the United States, which of the following populations are much more likely to be affected by parasitic infections?

matrix

In the mitochondrion, the is a chemically complex fluid that is found within the spaces around the cristae and contains ribosomes.

On the thylakoid membrane

In which portion of the thylakoid do you find the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll?

vectors

Insect are crucial to the life cycle of Trypanosoma species.

circular

Like bacterial cells, mitochondria contain __________ strands of DNA rather than linear forms of the molecule.

Chromosome

Linear DNA coiled around histones condense to form which of the larger structures listed below?

Chromosomes

Linear DNA coiled around histones condense to form which of the larger structures listed below?

Non-pathogenic

Most known protozoans are ______.

Macroscopic

Mushrooms and puffballs are fungi because they are visible with the naked eye.

They exhibit various forms of motility.

Select the statement that most accurately reflects characteristics of protozoa.

meiosis

Sexual fungal spores arise by the fusion of two parent cells, followed by which type of division?

dimorphic

Some fungi are termed because they can exist in a yeast form or can form hyphae.

Blank 1: pellicle

Some protozoa have an additional layer outside the plasma membrane called a(n) ectoplasm

Blank 1: cilia or cilium Blank 2: flagella or flagellum

Some protozoa use amoeboid motion, but others rely on hairlike structures projecting from the cell that are called or .

cilia

Some protozoans have short hair-like structures called which are shorter than flagella and which whip back and forth providing motility.

granum

Stacks of thylakoids are called .

eukaryotic

The _____ flagellum is a long sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced microtubules.

contractile

The ______ vacuole helps regulate osmotic pressure by expelling excess water that has diffused into a protozoan cell.

mitochondrion

The _______ is the organelle responsible for the vast majority of ATP generated in eukaryotic cells.

nucleolus

The _______ is the small part of the nucleus where ribosomal subunit formation takes place.

Blank 1: lysosome or lysosomes

The _________ is a membrane-bound organelle derived from the Golgi that contains digestive enzymes and can provide protection against invading organisms.

Golgi apparatus

The __________ _________ receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is part of the secretion system to the cell surface.

nuclear envelope

The ___________ _________ is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

sexual

The advantage of ______ reproduction is that the offspring can have slight variations in form and function that provide potential advantages for adaptation and survival.

actin filaments

The cytoskeletal elements found highly concentrated just inside the cell membrane and are responsible for cellular movements such as contraction, crawling and pinching during cell division are called ______.

Oxygen

What is a major ecological benefit of algae?

protein lipid

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-bound series of sacs and tubules that function in __________ production and __________ storage. (hint: both are macromolecules)

ectoplasm

The is the clear outer layer of cytoplasm found in protozoans.

Chloroplast

The is the organelle that is responsible for photosynthesis.

stroma

The is the substance that surrounds the thylakoids within the chloroplast.

Blank 1: actin Blank 2: microtubules

The main types of cytoskeletal fibers are ________ filaments, intermediate filaments and _________

Encystment

The process of forming a cyst, in which the trophozoite cell rounds up into a sphere and its ectoplasm secretes a thick cuticle around the cell membrane, is called

proteins; lipids

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) produces ______ while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) synthesizes ______.

cilia

The three methods of locomotion in protozoa are _________, flagella, and pseudopodia.

Ribosomal subunit synthesis

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Photosynthesis

What is the main function of chloroplasts?

Pseudopod

What is the means of motility for an amoeba?

rough, smooth

The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are the ribosome-studded __________ ER and the non-ribosomal ___________ER.

sexual

The typical mode of transmission of Trichomonas is by _____ contact.

Nematode

This parasitic helminth can be classified as a ______.

mushrooms

Three types of macroscopic fungi are _______ , puffballs and gill fungi.

Mitosis

__________ is the type of eukaryotic cell division that preserves the chromosome number.

chromosomes

____________ are large, condensed units within the nucleus that contain the genetic information of eukaryotic cells.

Blank 1: endoplasmic Blank 2: reticulum

_____________ ____________ is a membrane-bound series of tubules that function in transport and storage.

chloroplasts

Which organelle is well known for the metabolic pathway of photosynthesis?

Endosymbiosis

Biologists believe that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes through which process?

Glycocalyx

Of the eukaryotic subcellular structures listed below, which is the most external?

nucleolus

A dense region found within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are synthesized is called the ___________

pseudopod

Amoeba move by extending their cytoplasm to form a(n) _______ or "false foot."

False

Chromatin is comprised predominantly of protein and RNA macromolecules.

False Reason: It is composed of DNA, not RNA.

Chromatin is comprised predominantly of protein and RNA macromolecules.

mitochondrion

Often called the "powerhouse" of cells, the ________ is the organelle where ATP is synthesized for cellular energy use.

Blank 1: heterotrophs, heterotrophic, chemoheterotrophs, or organotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from organic sources only are called

heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from organic sources only are called .

septa

Cross walls, or __________ , separate fungal hyphae into segments.

heterotrophs

Plants are (mainly) autotrophs and fungi are .

Parasitic feeding on live cells Scavenging dead plant or animal debris

Protozoans acquire their food by which two of the following mechanisms?

Scavenging dead plant or animal debris Parasitic feeding on live cells

Protozoans acquire their food by which two of the following mechanisms?

organic

Protozoans require their food in a complex _____ form.

Mycelium

Rhizopus hyphae form a mass called a(n) __________ that is observable on moldy bread.

hyphae

_______ are long, threadlike cells found in filamentous fungi.

cytoskeleton

_________ is a flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells.

RER SER

_________? Synthesis, packaging and transport of proteins _________? Synthesis and storage of lipids

chloroplast

__________ are organelles that are similar to mitochondria, but they are larger and contain photosynthetic pigments.

live as solitary singled-celled organisms

most protozoa