Ch. 5

A connective tissue fiber refers to a ____, a nerve fiver refers to a ___, and a muscle fiber refers to a ___.

Complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include ____

Connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscular

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including ____.

Holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have ____.

Hyperextensible joints

The pseudostrstified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of ___.

Metaplasia

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell type, neurons and ___.

Neuroglia

___ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the ____.

Nonkeratinized; vagina

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ____.

Phagocytize and digest tissue debris

Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move good through their digestive tracts because ___.

Smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract.

____ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ____ epithelium is rare.

Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

skeletal muslce is described as ___.

Striated and voluntary

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in ___.

Tendons, ligaments, and the deeeper portion of the skin

Blood functions to ___

Transport nutrients to the tissues.

Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface. (T/F)

True

In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix. (T/F)

True

Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood. (T/F)

True

Most growth in childhood is the result of hyperplasia. (T/F)

True

Neurons are a major type of cell found in nervous tissue. (T/F)

True

Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue. (T/F)

True

Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control. (T/F)

True

The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid. (T/F)

True

The opening of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface. (T/F)

True

The secretory product of a gland is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma. (T/F)

True

Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs. (T/F)

True.

_____ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes.

areolar tissue

Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common? a. Very conspicuous fibers b. The presence of fibroblasts c. The presence of collagen d. Ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency e. A calcified matrix

calcified matrix

The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.

chondroblasts; fibroblasts

The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of ___ tissue.

epithelial

The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of ___

epithelium and lamina propria

The basement membrane is found between ___ and ___.

epithelium; connective tissue

____ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.

excitable

Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have ____ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.

goblet

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? a. Reticular tissue b. Hyaline cartilage c. Dense regular connective tissue d. Dense irregular connective tissue e. Areolar tissue

hyaline cartilage

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to ____ of muscle cells.

hypertrophy

The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called a ___ section.

longitudinal

____ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ____ glands (such as oil producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

merocrine; holocrine

The middle primary germ layer is called ____, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called ____, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood.

mesoderm; mesenchyme

Mucin is secreted by__________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid.

mucous; serous

All cells in ____ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.

pseudostratified columnar

An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called ___ epithelium.

simple columnar

A brush border of microvilli is found in ____ epithelium, which can be found in the ___.

simple columnar; small intestine

Most kidney tubules are made of ___ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.

simple cuboidal

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ___ epithelium.

simple squamous

Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the ___________ membrane.

synovial

In the intestine, __________________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them.

tight junctions

Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are __________ stem cells.

totipotent

Found in the urinary bladder, __________ epithelium resembles __________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.

transitional; stratified squamous

The process of a cell changing types to respond to its environment is called neoplasia. (T/F)

False

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called ___.

Fibrosis

Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common? a. Most cells are not in direct contact with each other. b. Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope. c. Cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material. d. Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance. e. Most connective tissues are highly vascular.

Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.

A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a ___.

Histological section

Rapid cell death is caused by a complete cutting off of a blood supply is called gangrene. (T/F)

False

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called ___

A mucous membrane (mucosa)

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in ___.

Adipose tissue

It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of ___ in human breast cells.

Apoptosis

An example of a highly vascular tissue is ___ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ___.

Areolar; cartilage

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both ___ and ___.

Dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues.

The ___ gives rise to the ___.

Ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

____ secrete _____ into _____.

Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood

Adult stem cells are usually pluripotent. (T/F)

False

Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements. (T/F)

False

Connective tissues contain abundant cells that are on contact with one another. (T/F)

False

Dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells. (T/F)

False

Desmond ones are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells. (T/F)

False

Excitable cells respond to outside stimuli by means of changes in plasma membrane shape. (T/F)

False

Plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissues. (T/F)

False

____ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ____ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.

Simple squamous; stratified squamous

Which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance? a. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) b. Proteoglycans c. Chondroitin sulfate d. Hyaluronic acid e. Collagen

collagen

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as ___ glands.

compound acinar

The clear gel inside a cell is called ___.

cytosol

The shape of a persons external ear is due to the presence of ___

elastic cartilage