CH 5&6 quiz

Movement within the ossicle

malleus, incus, stapes, oval window

Rods

night vision and peripheral vision, not involved in colour vision

inner ear

oval window vibrates and vibrates cochlea

vestiburlar

responds to gravity and keeps uou informed where you are in space

Gustatory system

taste. sweet, salty, sour bitter and umami (savory products). odor contributes to flavor.

perceptual constancy

the tendency to perceive objects as being constant in shape, size ect., despite the changing image on our retina

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

trichromatic theory

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

from chaisma pathway 2

to the superiors colliculus first then thalamus and occipital lobe

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A: binocular disparity B: bottom-up processing C: oculomotor convergence D: top-down processing

A

theta

3-7 cps, light sleep

alpha

8-12 cps; deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation

light adaptation

Eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination

Dark adaptation

Eyes become more sensitive to light in low illuminations

just noticeable difference

Measures the magnitude of psychological difference between sensations

Optic chiasma

Point at which the optic nerve from the inside hand of each eye cross over and project into the opposite half of the brain

Fovea

Tiny spot in retina containing only cones

astigmatism

Visual defect which unequal curvature of one or more refractive surface of rye the eye. Usually cornea and light doesn't focus clearly into retina, and results in blurred vision.

monocular cues

clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone. 2 types are motion parallax and pictoral cues

timbre

complexity of sound waves

Wesley is in a movie theatre with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theatre? A: cones B: fovea C: lens D: rods

D

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A: behaviour is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behaviour: REinforcements and punishments B: fear is a conditioned response C: Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus D: One can learn new behaviours by observing them

D

colour blindness

an abnormal condition caused by an X-linked recessive allele and characterized by the inability to clearly distinguish different colours of the visible light spectrum.

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A: negative punishment B: negative reinforcement C: positive punishment D: positive reinforcement

b

IN ______ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced everytime a desired behaviour is performed. A: continuous B: partial C: primary D: secondary

b

The _____ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful. A: social learning B: evolutionary C: behavioural D: the cognitive

b

binocular cues

based on differing views of the two eyes. 2 types are retinal disparity and convergence

Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common region

size constancy

refers to the fact that our peceptions of the size of objects are relatively constant despite the fact that the size of objects on the retina vary greatly with distance.

shape constancy

tendency to perceive the shape of a ridgid object as constant despite differences in viewing angle

olfactory system

the sensory system for smell. only sense that does not go through the thalamus. closely linked with memory structures.

difference threshold

the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect

cutaneous senses

tough. mechanial, thermal and chemical

delta

under 3cps, deep sleep

Visual system: amplitude

Affects brightness

What percent of light reaches rods and cones

10%

beta

13-24 cps; normal waking thought, alert problem solving

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A: associative B: instinctive C: processual D: reflexive

A

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A: fixed interval B: fixed ratio C: variable interval D: variable ratio

A

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colours of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A: cones B: fovea C: lens D: rods

A

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave ____ to the lowest point on the wave ____. A: crest ; trough B: amplitude ; length C: trough ; crest D: length ; amplitude

A

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A: behaviour is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behaviour: reinforcements and punishments B: fear is a conditioned response C: learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D: one can learn new behaviours by observing them

A

Visual system: wavelength or frequency

Affects colour perception

Visual system :Purity

Affects richness of colour

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A: Kinesthesia B: nociception C: preconception D: thermoception

B

____ refers to the way sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ___ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor A: perception ; transduction B: perception ; sensation C: Transduction ; perception D: sensation ; perception

B

participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other colour. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one-third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept? A: bottom-up processing B: inattentional blindness C: sensory adaptation D: top-down processing

B

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that results from the experience? A: conditioning B: instincts C: learning D: reflexes

C

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A: neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe B: Because they are unrelated to biological senses C: they have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe D: we cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body

C

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies, and even though it is different from her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. A: extinction B: stimulus discrimination C: stimulus generalization D: spontaneous recovery

C

near sightedness

Close objects are seen clearly but far objects are not

Cataract

Clouded lens

Iris

Colour ring of muscles surrounding the pupil

The way light passes through the eye

Cornea, anterior chamber (aqueous humour), pupil , lens, vitreous humour, retIna, optic nerve

Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, "do you work here," she thought it was funny. The other customers' assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______. A: proximity B: closure C: continuity D: similarity

D

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ___ theory of pitch perception. A: opponent-process B: place C: temporal D: volley

D

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time, he would become very nauseated as a side effect and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favourite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. A: unconditioned stimulus B: unconditioned response C: conditioned stimulus D: conditioned response

D

Cones

Daylight vision, don't respond to dim light. Play role in color. Heavily concentrated in fovea

From charisma pathway 1

Directly to thalamus. Visual signals are processed here then distributed to areas in occipital lobe

Farsightedness

Distant objects are seen clearly but close are blurry

What makes up the optic nerve?

Ganglion cell axons

Optic disc

Hole in retina wheee optic nerve fibres leave eye and go to brain. Blind spot

Psychophysics

Investigates the relationship between stimulation and sensory experience. The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psycho local phenomena

sensory adaptation

Involves the diminishing responsiveness of sensory systems to prolonged stimulus input

absolute threshold

Minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect

Retina

Paper thin sheet of neural tissue that lines the inside back surface of the eye which converts light waves into neural signals

Identification and recognition

Process of assigning means to perception. Involved so higher cognitive processes to determine what an object is

perceptual organization

Process where an internal representation of an object is formed in the brain and a perception of the external stimulus is developed

Photo reception cells

Rods and cones which contain photopigment which is sensitive to light

Retinal integration

Roses/cones , bipolar cells, ganglion cells, brain

Sensation

Stimulation of sensory receptors and sending signals of stimulation to the brain

pupil

The opening that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

consioueness

general state of mind

kinaesthetics

monitors movement, orentstion and the position of various parts of the body. receptors inside joints & muscles

middle ear

one eardrum vibrates, it sets in motion the vibration of he ossicles