Ch. 6-10
Which popular media headline does NOT suggest that a multiple regression has been used? "Dog ownership decreases stress." "After taking into account job experience, people who are happier with their jobs report greater productivity." "After correcting for several factors that affect memory, including intelligence, researchers found that people who read more frequently remember 12% more about a crime scene than those who don't read frequently." "The link between traumatic experience and the development of anxiety symptoms existed even when controlling for the effect of parental anxiety."
"Dog ownership decreases stress."
When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked? "How well was this variable manipulated?" "How well was this variable controlled by the experimenter?" "How well was this variable explained to participants?" "How well was this variable measured?"
"How well was this variable measured?"
Which of the following phrases describes a manipulated variable? "Participants wrote down how many text messages they had sent the day before." "Researchers recorded whether participants volunteered to help the student in need or did not volunteer." "Participants were placed in the high tempo music condition, the low tempo music condition, or the no music condition based on which color card they randomly drew from a deck." "Researchers recorded the length of time participants took to complete the anagrams."
"Participants were placed in the high tempo music condition, the low tempo music condition, or the no music condition based on which color card they randomly drew from a deck."
RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Imagine that Dr. Ewell calculates a correlation (e.g., ICC) for his two raters. Which of the following would be the best value for Dr. Ewell to find? -0.92 0.02 0.89 1.15
0.89
If an experiment cannot be done for practical or ethical reasons related to manipulating the variable of interest, which of the following events should happen? The study should not be conducted at all. The researchers should wait until the experiment can be done. A longitudinal correlational design could be done instead. The IRB can grant a waiver of review to conduct the study anyway.
A longitudinal correlational design could be done instead.
Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? They also ensure excellent internal validity. They study every member of the population of interest. They use a larger number of measures. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.
All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.
A researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do. Which method would you advise him to use? Behavioral observations Self-report questions Both behavioral observations and self-report questions are equally good for finding out what people really do. Neither behavioral observations nor self-report questions is desirable for finding out what people really do.
Behavioral observations
RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations: Which of the correlations is an autocorrelation? Correlation 1 Correlation 2 Correlation 4 Correlation 6
Correlation 2
________ is used to control order effects in an experiment. Random assignment A design confound Increasing demand characteristics Counterbalancing
Counterbalancing
Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design? Dr. Finn's study in which he measured job commitment in a group of Japanese factory workers and in a group of Mexican factory workers Dr. Stabler's study in which he measured people's frequency of playing video games in ninth grade and their aggressive behaviors in 12th grade Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes Dr. Tutola's study in which he measured the daily stress of a group of married men and the daily happiness of their spouses
Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes
Which of the following research questions is an example of a mediation? Does the use of humor by teachers have a different effect on stress levels in boys and girls? Is the relationship between socioeconomic status and substance use different in adolescents with responsive parents versus adolescents with rejecting parents? Is the association between anxiety and self-esteem in children impacted by whether or not the child has Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Is the relationship between peer rejection and symptoms of depression in adolescence influenced by the amount of time spent using social media?
Is the relationship between peer rejection and symptoms of depression in adolescence influenced by the amount of time spent using social media?
Why is it problematic when journalists report only on a single study? It can make journalists look bad. It can lead people to think journalists are scientists. It can lead people to value one study over decades of previous research. It can cause people to interrogate a study's validities.
It can lead people to value one study over decades of previous research.
In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? It is a forced-choice question. It is a double-barreled question. It has a double negative. It is a leading question.
It is a double-barreled question.
Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this question? It is a forced-choice question. It is a double-barreled question. It has a double negative. It is a leading question.
It is a leading question.
Which of the following is true of behavioral observation? It requires recording technology, such as video cameras. It requires a research assistant to be with the participant at all times. It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions. It is a more reliable and valid method than self-report methodology.
It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions.
If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a(n) Likert scale. agreement scale. semantic differential format. open-ended format.
Likert scale.
Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Her results show that students who exercised in the last week also reported happier moods. Can Dr. Reyes make a causal inference from her study? Select the best explanation for the response. Yes, Dr. Reyes' study meets all three of the causal criteria. No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only one the three causal criteria: covariance. No, Dr. Reyes' study meets only one the three causal criteria: temporal precedence. No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only two of the three causal criteria: covariance and temporal precedence.
No, Dr. Reyes's study meets only one the three causal criteria: covariance.
Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity. They both are necessary for frequency claims. They both mean the same thing. Random sampling is more important than random assignment.
Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity.
Which of the following is true of selection effects? Selection effects are a type of control variable. Selection effects can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group. Selection effects are unimportant for interrogating external validity. Selection effects are rarely considered in causal experiments
Selection effects can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group.
In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles." What should Dr. Jonason do to improve the construct validity of this question? Split up the question into two separate questions. Phrase the question in a neutral way. Avoid suggesting a particular viewpoint in the question. Avoid using negative phrasing in the question.
Split up the question into two separate questions.
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Considering Dr. Guidry's sample, which of the following statements is true? The association found in her study could probably generalize to young adults. The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly people in other large cities in the South. The association found in her study could probably generalize to people living in other capital cities (e.g., Sacramento, California). The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly persons living in nursing homes.
The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly people in other large cities in the South.
Which of the following best describes the circled dot in the figure below? The dot represents a single participant. The dot represents a single outlier. The dot represents the 95% CI. The dot represents the effect size.
The dot represents a single participant.
Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the figure, and the resulting number was r = -.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect? There aren't 44 data points in the figure. Correlation coefficients cannot be smaller than 1. The figure depicts a positive relationship. There wouldn't be a way to know this.
The figure depicts a positive relationship.
Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. If Dr. Sanchez increased his sample size to 1,000, which of the following would happen? The true estimate would increase. The margin of error would become smaller. External validity would become less important. Statistical validity would become negatively affected.
The margin of error would become smaller.
Which of the following is most likely to be included in popular media articles describing a study that used multiple regression? A table with the betas and their confidence intervals. A list of the specific predictor variables used. The phrase "controlled for" when describing the findings. A list of the specific criterion variables used.
The phrase "controlled for" when describing the findings.
Sruthi studies the association between maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and focused attention in infants. She finds that mothers who drink more alcohol also smoke more cigarettes and have less nutritious diets during pregnancy. All three of these variables are associated with focused attention during infancy. Which of the following is true of this study? Temporal precedence cannot be established between predictor and criterion variables. The autocorrelations suggest that there is a third variable that is unaccounted for. The study has multiple predictor variables that may explain levels of the criterion variable. She cannot establish covariance in any of her variables.
The study has multiple predictor variables that may explain levels of the criterion variable.
Why would a researcher interested in making a causal claim NOT do an experiment? Experiments are very expensive, and the researcher might not have grant funding. There may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable. Laboratory space is required for experiments, and the researcher might not have a lab. Experiments take longer to do than other types of studies.
There may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable.
Which of the following is true of moderators? They help establish a cause and effect relationship. They decrease effect size. They can inform external validity. They weaken statistical significance.
They can inform external validity.
Which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs? They can only control for third variables that are measured. They cannot establish covariance. They take longer to conduct. They are more expensive to conduct.
They can only control for third variables that are measured.
Which of the following is true about outliers? They have the biggest effect when dealing with small sample sizes. They can affect the strength, but not the direction, of an association. They usually affect a majority of the data points. They are only problematic when they affect one variable and not the other.
They have the biggest effect when dealing with small sample sizes
Studies that use the longitudinal, multiple-regression approach or the pattern and parsimony approach have what in common? They study changes over time. They involve more than two measured variables. They assess cross-lag correlations They can never establish causation.
They involve more than two measured variables.
Why are double-barreled questions problematic? They may have poor construct validity. They may be too easy to answer. They are leading questions. They are too conceptual.
They may have poor construct validity.
What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common? They are considered ethical sampling options. They are all probability sampling techniques. They produce large samples. They result in samples where some people are systematically left out.
They result in samples where some people are systematically left out.
RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Which of the following is true? This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience. This will lead to a biased sample because of self-selection. This will lead to a biased sample because the Psychology and Law students have a lot of time to complete the survey. The will lead to a sample that is representative of both of his classes.
This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.
Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? a scatterplot a line graph a bar graph a pie chart
a bar graph
When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? a difference in the height between the bars the number of bars in the graph the number of observations that make each bar the direction of the bars
a difference in the height between the bars
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered: Dr. Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity? counterbalancing a placebo group a demand characteristic a manipulation check
a manipulation check
Which of the following symbols would indicate that you are reading results from a multiple-regression analysis? b p r d
b
Research articles that use terms such as unbiased sample, random samples, or representative sample allow for readers to skip interrogating statistical validity. make a frequency claim. reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s). be confident in a study's external validity.
be confident in a study's external validity.
If researchers measure every member of a population, they have conducted a census. collected a sample. increased internal validity. biased the study.
conducted a census.
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r =.52 and reports 95% CI [.37, .67]. The95% CI is a coefficient interval. coefficient estimate. confidence interval. confidence estimate.
confidence interval.
If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, what is being interrogated? construct validity external validity internal validity statistical validity
construct validity
Adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following? increase the statistical significance of the results control for several variables at once increase the construct validity of a study meet the temporal precedence criterion for causal inference
control for several variables at once
Which of the following is an example of a nonprobability sample? simple random sample convenience sample systematic sample cluster sample
convenience sample
What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research? simple random sampling purposive sampling cluster sampling convenience sampling
convenience sampling
In a multiple regression design, ________ variable is to dependent variable as ________ variable is to independent variable. criterion; predictor manipulated; measured control; mediator bivariate; multivariate
criterion; predictor
RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Dr. Dormeur was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? order effects selection effects demand characteristics counterbalancing effects
demand characteristics
A criterion variable is also known as a(n) ________ variable. predictor independent control dependent
dependent
The question "Can the causal relationship generalize to other people, places, and times?" refers to what type of validity? internal face construct external
external
Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues? fence sitting faking good response sets people self-reporting more than they can know
fence sitting
External validity is most important for which of the following claims? frequency claims association claims causal claims external validity is equally important for all claims.
frequency claims
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be able to most accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship is negative. has the largest effect size. was reported first. was statistically significant.
has the largest effect size
In the study depicted in the figure above, how could a researcher transform the study into a within-groups design? adding a control group removing the first blood pressure measurement adding another independent variable having participants play both the competitive game and the noncompetitive game
having participants play both the competitive game and the noncompetitive game
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] According to the guidelines for interpreting effect sizes, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction? very small or very weak small or weak moderate unusually large in psychology
moderate
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, gender (male or female) is considered a(n) outlier. cause. moderator. spurious variable.
moderator.
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine? life satisfaction and experience of daily stress number of friends one has and experience of daily stress number of friends one has and life satisfaction xxx life satisfaction, experiences of daily stress, and number of friends one has simultaneously
number of friends one has and experience of daily stress ???
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered: Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? number of words on the list time given to type the words remembered time given to memorize the words number of words remembered
number of words remembered
Masked or blind study designs are designed to deal with yea-saying biases. bystander effect. observer bias. faking good.
observer bias.
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores random. moderators. outliers. curvilinear scores.
outliers
RESEARCH STUDY 9.3: Dr. Cheong is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being occurs because people receive different levels of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by Hurricane Sandy (2012) to report on how their well-being was affected by the hurricane, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Cheong finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Dr. Cheong's finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following? participant gender is a moderating variable. participant gender is a mediating variable. emotional well-being is a moderating variable. emotional well-being is a mediating variable.
participant gender is a moderating variable.
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered: Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? number of groups participants were assigned to feeling happy participant's mood number rolled on the die
participant's mood
The figure above depicts which type of research design? repeated-measures design concurrent-measures design posttest-only design pretest/posttest design
pretest/posttest design
RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 12345Strongly AgreeAgreeNeither agree nor disagreeDisagreeStrongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1: Easy---------------5: Hard Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question? question A question B question C xxx question D
question A
RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 12345Strongly AgreeAgreeNeither agree nor disagreeDisagreeStrongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1: Easy---------------5: Hard Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a Likert scale? question A question B question C question D
question B
A researcher most likely prepared two versions of a survey with different question sequencing to address the issue of question order. flashbulb memories. appropriate question formats. fence sitting responses.
question order.
Another term for probability sampling is purposive sampling. convenience sampling. random sampling. cluster sampling.
random sampling.
RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about reactivity. observer bias. faking good. interrater reliability.
reactivity.
RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Which of the following designs is Dr. Dormeur using? pretest/posttest design concurrent-measures design repeated-measures design posttest-only design
repeated-measures design
If there is very little variance on one of the variables, this is known as spurious data. an outlier effect. restriction of range. null effect.
restriction of range
Which of the following increases accurate responding? nay-saying response sets fence sitting reverse-worded questions acquiescence
reverse-worded questions
RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to have an unbiased sample? sampling only those students who come to class frequently sampling only those students whose student ID numbers end with an odd number sampling only those students who sign the consent form sampling only those students who finish the survey
sampling only those students who come to class frequently
The figure above is an example of a bar graph. line graph. data plot. scatterplot.
scatterplot
Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? poor reliability self-selection probability sampling over sampling
self-selection
If a question has response options that are anchored with adjectives, this is known as a(n) Likert scale. agreement scale. semantic differential format. open-ended format.
semantic differential format.
RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one's score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep. Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Dormeur's study? three six nine twelve
six
A sample is always ________ a population. more expensive to measure than smaller than more interesting than more scientific than
smaller than
Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling? purposive sampling snowball sampling convenience sampling self-selection sampling
snowball sampling
Which of the following sampling techniques would you recommend to a researcher interested in studying rare individuals, like people who have been struck by lightning? snowball sampling purposive sampling quota sampling convenience sampling
snowball sampling
Faking good is also known as fence sitting. acquiescence. socially desirable responding. nondifferentiation.
socially desirable responding.
Professor Adeyemi is examining well-being after retirement in a city, and it is important to have excellent external validity. If Professor Adeyemi obtains a sample that reflects the demographic proportions of their city, which of the following sampling techniques is most likely being used? cluster sampling stratified random sampling systematic sampling quota sampling
stratified random sampling
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r =.52. This number gives you information about which of the following? statistical significance and effect size strength and direction of the relationship statistical validity and external validity type of relationship and importance
strength and direction of the relationship
Which of the following results in an unbiased sample? snowball sample convenience sample purposive sample systematic sample
systematic sample
A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable haphazardly. systematically. spontaneously. especially.
systematically.
RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, 95% CI [-.77, -.37] • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI [-.27, .45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36,95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider? the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants the number of people in the sample the use of three measured variables the number of significant findings
the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants
The pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research? journal-journalism cycle basic-applied cycle theory-data cycle peer-review cycle
theory-data cycle
One reason researchers use within-group designs is to eliminate practice effects. it is less time-consuming for the participants. to increase the diversity of the participant pool. they require fewer participants.
they require fewer participants.
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered: How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study? two three five nine
three
While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made? one manipulated and one measured variable two measured variables two manipulated variables two categorical variables
two measured variables
If a sample is biased, then it is ________ the population of interest. unrepresentative of unrelated to incorrectly compared to unfairly applied to
unrepresentative of
n true experiments,________ is to dependent variable as ________ is to independent variable. measuring; manipulating controlling; manipulating recording; measuring manipulating; measuring
measuring; manipulating
RESEARCH STUDY 10.1: Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask them to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered: Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality? noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words putting the 60 participants into equal groups
having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered
RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern? make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing
hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing
RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the ________ of their measures. face validity convergent validity interrater reliability test-retest reliability
interrater reliability
A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a(n) leading question. double-barreled question. negatively worded question. ordered question.
leading question.
RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations: What type of study design is Dr. Farah using? quasi-experimental design bivariate correlational design multiple regression design longitudinal design
longitudinal design
A variable that the researcher controls is a ________ variable. measured manipulated dependent selection
manipulated
Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value? margin of error sampling bias probability value statistical significance
margin of error
RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results: DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta (b) | Significance (p) Income: .69 | .03 Number of arguments: -.73 | .01 Life satisfaction: .13 | .81 Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable in Dr. Finkel's study? marital satisfaction life satisfaction income number of arguments
marital satisfaction
RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results: DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta (b) | Significance (p) Income: .69 | .03 Number of arguments: -.73 | .01 Life satisfaction: .13 | .81 Which of the following is a criterion variable in Dr. Finkel's study? marital satisfaction life satisfaction income number of arguments
marital satisfaction
Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? posttest-only designs matched-groups designs pretest/posttest designs correlational designs
matched-groups designs
