Ch. 6
A(n) _____ design is often used by clinical psychologists when they cannot adequately access the target population or situation, so they approximate it to the extent possible. For example, they may ask participants to imagine themselves in a particular situation. A) analogue B) between-group C) within-group D) mixed-group
A
Clinical psychologists may develop, validate, or expand the use of psychological instruments, such as the MMPI-2 and the WAIS-IV. Such activity is an example of A) researching assessment methods. B) exploring diagnostic issues. C) evaluating professional issues. D) appraising teaching standards.
A
Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have A) greater internal validity. B) greater external validity. C) little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate. D) significant funding from the American Counseling Association.
A
In 1952, _____ published an unfavorable review of research on psychotherapy outcome, which served as a catalyst for subsequent research on the subject, which has been more positive. A) Hans Eysenck B) B. F. Skinner C) Anna Freud D) Carl Rogers
A
In a(n) _____ design, the researcher cannot always assign people randomly to conditions, make particular manipulations, or test certain hypotheses due to ethical, practical, or other constraints. A) quasi-experimental B) analogue C) between-group D) within-group
A
The ABAB design is an example of a(n) _____. A) case study B) analogue design C) between-groups design D) meta-analysis
A
_____ involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation. A) Case studies B) Correlational studies C) Meta-analyses D) Within-group design studies
A
_____ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable. A) Internal validity B) External validity C) Test-retest reliability D) Split-half reliability
A
_____ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex. A) Effectiveness B) Exposure and response prevention C) Internal validity D) Efficacy
A
_____ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to a numerically significant difference between two groups. It is measured quantitatively. A) Statistical B) Clinical C) Theoretical D) Control
A
What is a meta-analysis?
A statistical method of combining results of separate studies (translated into effect sizes) to create a summation (or statistically, an overall effect size) of the findings; a "study of studies."
Another phrase for "generalizability" is _____. A) internal validity B) external validity C) positive psychology D) negative psychology
B
Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have A) weaker internal validity. B) weaker external validity. C) little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate. D) significant funding from the American Counseling Association.
B
Dr. Grant is a practicing clinical psychologist who is thinking about using a new treatment for anxiety with patients in his practice. If he is most concerned with how this new treatment works in the real world, Dr. Grant will be most interested in published studies that discuss the treatment's _____. A) efficacy B) effectiveness C) power D) design
B
Dr. Smithton initially creates a new PTSD treatment under highly controlled laboratory conditions. He then shares the treatment with practitioners, who subsequently implement the treatment with real-world patients. The practitioners report that Dr. Smithton's PTSD treatment is very helpful for their patients. The benefit the practitioners' patients experienced seems to support the _____ of Dr. Smithton's treatment. A) internal validity B) external validity C) power D) design
B
In a(n) _____ design, participants within a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time. A) analogue B) within-group C) between-group D) experimental
B
In short, the _____ of a form of therapy is how well it works "in the lab," where it is practiced according to manualized methods. A) outcome B) efficacy C) effectiveness D) status
B
The 1995 Consumer Reports study found that A) less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial. B) longer therapy generally produced greater benefit. C) the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors. D) shorter therapy tended to produce greater benefit.
B
The 1995, Consumer Reports survey regarding psychotherapy outcome is an example of a(n) _____ study. A) efficacy B) effectiveness C) cognitive D) behavioral
B
_____ refers to the generalizability of the result of a scientific study, or the extent to which the same finding is applicable to different settings and populations. A) Internal validity B) External validity C) Convergent validity D) Reliability
B
_____ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to how two groups differ in real-world terms. It answers the question, "Is there a meaningful difference between the groups?" A) Statistical B) Clinical C) Theoretical D) Control
B
In _____, researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups, and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study. A) independent trials B) dependent trials C) randomized clinical trials D) homogenized clinical trials
C
In a(n) _____ design, participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments. A) quasi-experimental B) analogue C) between-group D) within-group
C
The growing popularity of Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk, is an example of A) the implementation of technology in the delivery of online psychotherapy services. B) a shopping platform that sells self-help and other books useful for therapy patients. C) the use of technology in clinical psychology research. D) an Internet-based intervention for social anxiety disorder.
C
_____ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria. A) Effectiveness B) Psychotherapy outcome C) Efficacy D) Therapeutic quotient
C
_____ tend to be held in high regard by researchers who prefer the idiographic approach over the nomothetic approach. A) Experiments B) Quasi-experiments C) Case studies D) Correlational studies
C
_____ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter. A) Internal B) External C) Independent D) Dependent
C
What is the primary difference between correlational methods and experimental methods?
Correlational methods cannot determine causality, whereas experimental methods can. In an experimental study, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is isolated. In a correlational study, the relationship between the variables is determined, but variables are not labeled as independent or dependent, so the extent to which one causes the other cannot be determined.
Compare and contrast cross-sectional designs and longitudinal designs.
Cross-sectional designs assess or compare a participant or group of participants at one particular point in time. By contrast, longitudinal designs emphasize changes across time, often making within-group comparisons from one point in time to another.
A(n) _____ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings. A) ABAB design B) case study C) qualitative review D) meta-analysis
D
According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT a question clinical psychologists should ask themselves when designing research studies? A) How should psychotherapy outcome be measured? B) What should be measured when assessing psychotherapy outcome? C) Who should rate psychotherapy outcome? D) Where should the study be conducted?
D
Reading a single review of a movie can be informative, but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the movie had across many individuals. This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as _____. A) case studies B) between-group designs C) correlational methods D) meta-analysis
D
Which of the following is NOT a step in the experimental method? A) Observation of events B) Development of a hypothesis C) Empirical testing of the hypothesis D) Altering data to fit the hypothesis
D
Which of these statements is NOT consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A) Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants. B) Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data. C) Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis. D) Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances.
D
_____ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time, often over many years. A) Cross-sectional B) ABAB C) Analog D) Longitudinal
D
_____ variables are those variables in an experiment that are expected to change as a result of changes in the variable manipulated by the researcher. A) Internal B) External C) Independent D) Dependent
D
Compare and contrast efficacy and effectiveness studies of psychotherapy outcome.
Efficacy studies measure how well a treatment works "in the lab," under controlled conditions with highly manualized therapy methods and clients chosen according to specific diagnostic criteria. Effectiveness studies measure how well a treatment works "in the real world," where client selection is less strict, manuals may not be followed as closely, and cultural diversity of clients may be greater. Efficacy studies tend to have stronger internal validity, whereas effectiveness studies tend to have stronger external validity.
_____ validity refers to the generalizability of a study's results, or the extent to which the study's findings hold true across different settings and populations.
External
Who published a 1952 review of psychotherapy stating (erroneously) that psychotherapy did not work?
Hans Eysenck
_____ variables are those variables in a study that are manipulated by the experimenter.
Independent
What is one APA ethical standard that applies to research in clinical psychology?
Obtain informed consent from prospective participants. Do not coerce participation by offering excessive or inappropriate rewards. Avoid using deception unless the prospective value of the research justifies its use and nondeceptive methods are not feasible. If research procedures have harmed a participant, take reasonable steps to minimize the harm. Never fabricate or falsify data. Researchers should list themselves as authors of a study only when their contributions are justifiably substantial. Share data with other competent researchers who intend to reanalyze it for verification.
Compare and contrast the idiographic and nomothetic approaches.
The idiographic approach emphasizes the unique qualities of each person, and lends itself to such methods as the case study. The nomothetic approach emphasizes similarities or common qualities among people, and lends itself to experimental or quasi-experimental research methods.
What are two main areas in which clinical psychologists conduct research?
Treatment outcome: to determine how well therapies work. Assessment methods: to evaluate and improve the assessment methods used with patients. Diagnostic issues: to explore issues of diagnosis and categorization regarding psychological problems. Professional issues: to examine psychologists' activities, beliefs, and practices. Teaching and training issues: to examine how to educate those entering the profession.
A study examining a psychotherapy's success in an actual clinical setting is measuring the therapy's _____.
effectiveness
A researcher planning to follow a group of depressed patients over a 20-year period would likely be using a _____ design.
longitudinal
In _____, researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups, and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study.
randomized clinical trials (RCTs)
A study in which participants in a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time is using a _____ design.
within-groups