CH 6 EMOTIONS inquisitive /ch 7
Trisha is completing an evaluative priming task probing her spontaneous evaluation of frogs. When primed with frogs, Trisha responds faster to positive words and slower to negative words. What is Trisha's attitude toward Frogs?
positive
what is affective forecasting
predicting future emotions, such as whether an event will result in happiness or anger or sadness, and for how long
what is immune neglect
the tendency for people to underestimate their capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between attitudes and behavior are accurate and which are not?
AccurateIf people behave in a certain way, they are likely to have a positive attitude about that behavior.Understanding key reasons that people fail to act on attitudes helps us know when attitudes are not likely to predict behavior.Not AccurateIf people hold a positive attitude about something, they are inclined to behave in a manner consistent with their attitude.It is not possible to understand the conditions under which attitudes are likely to predict behavior.
what is an example of affect valuation theory that are valued in American and also Asian culture
American:excitement is greatly valued,Asian:calmness and contentedness.
emotions are
Brief, only last seconds or minutes specific, help us meet social goals
what is a scenario focalism
Nicole thought her pending divorce would spell doom all around for her life, but with the divorce came more time for friends and a fulfilling career, so she was not seriously traumatized after all.
According to terror management theory, which of the following are you likely or unnlikely to do when you think about your own death?
Unlikely to DoPress Space to open Correct label: feel terrified Correct label: manage your feelings Correct label: praise people who do not share your worldview Likely to DoPress Space to open Correct label: insult people who do not share your worldview
what is focalism
a tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while neglecting the possible impact of associated factors or other events
example of phases in attraction
attention getting: jose and Miguel occasionally raise their shirts to show off abs keeping time: after their workout in the locker their movements parallel each other recognition: jose makes eye contact the Miguel does it back touch: jose touches Miguels arm while helping to workout
People in all cultures should communicate and perceive emotion similarly...
because all humans have used the same 30-40 facial muscles to communicate similar emotions in our evolutionary past.
the emotionally expressive behaviors of humans should resemble those of other species...
because humans share an evolutionary history with other mammals.
what are the 5 moral domains in the moral foundations theory
care/harm, purity/degradation, fairness/cheating, authority/subversion, loyalty/betrayal.
oxytocin plays a role in long term relationships it does which 3 things?
contributes to building commitment and trust, associated with positive indicators of social interaction, promote pair bonding.
what are 3 statements that prove emotional expression/behavior of humans resemble other mammalian species
cross-species comparisons show human expressions of embarrassment resemble appeasement displays in other animals, nonhuman primates exhibit emotional displays like laughing and smiling, humans exhibit behaviors that are reminiscent of appeasement displays in nonhuman species.
displays of anger
earns power and status within the group
experiencing awe
facilitates a sense of belonging with others
what are three tendencies that hinder our ability to predict future happiness
focalism,affective forecasting, immune negelect
Dissonance is more pronounced when the inconsistency between cognitions, values, or actions implies that the self is deficient in some way.
inconsistency deficient
Nonverbal displays of pride increases what
increases the likelihood we will be imitated and followed by others
what is an example of a display rule in asian cultures that people may de-intensify
people may de-intensify their expressions of pleasure at personal success.
For dissonance reduction to occur,
people must believe that their internal conflict caused the negative state. • If not, dissonance reduction will not occur.
what three ways can touch be used to communicate emotions?
prompt people to act, communicate a range of emotions and provide rewarding experiences to others, encourage people or dissuade them from inappropriate behavior.
what is an example of guilt and shame?
shame:spent too much going out instead of studying so now I failed all of my exams guilt:Jim scolded his wife for eating too many snacks because it was making her look fat, which caused her to cry.
what is an example of focal emotions in china
China has more words to indicate shame and embarrassment
Which of the following statements about system justification theory are accurate and which are not?
Compensatory stereotypes such as "low-income people may be poor, but they're happier than the wealthy" give ideological support to the sociocultural status quo. Believing that the world should be fair but seeing abundant evidence of unfairness can generate ideological dissonance. Inaccurate Statement(s) Economically disadvantaged people rarely defend their own disadvantage. Many people strive for symbolic immortality through their offspring.
Which of the following statements are consistent with self-perception theory and which are not?
Consistent with Self-Perception TheoryWe change our attitudes to align with our behavior.We infer our attitudes from our own behavior. Not Consistent with Self-Perception TheoryWe change our attitudes due to the impact of dissonance.Lack of objectivity prevents us from being able to make inferences from our own behavior.
In the pill study, when people attributed their negative arousal to the pill rather than cognitive dissonance, their attitudes
Did not change.
People who have had botox injections, which smooth out wrinkles in the face by immobilizing facial muscles, find it more difficult to process sentences containing emotions such as happiness and sadness. Which of the following are explanations for this and which are not?
Explanation(s) When people read a sentence about a happy person smiling or a sad person frowning, motor regions associated with smiling or frowning are slightly activated. Attitudes, beliefs, and even abstract concepts are partly embodied in the physical movements associated with them. Since people who have had botox injections are unable to mimic the emotional expressions as they are reading, the very concepts of sadness and happiness are a bit harder for them to access and comprehend. Not Explanation(s) Immobilization of facial muscles tends to create unpleasant and distracting emotional anxiety. What our bodies are doing or how they are feeling can facilitate or impede the act of simulation, but has no influence on what we think and feel.
Research supports the idea that certain emotions can impact our construal of stimuli in specific ways. Match each construed event to the emotion it would accompany.
Fear:perceptions that one is more likely to be victimized Anger:perceptions of hostile intent in the action of others Correct label: perceptions of neutral objects as threats
what is an example of the purity/degradation moral foundation domain
Kristie is disgusted when she is served a soda that has a dead bug floating
what is an example of the authority/subversion moral foundation domain
Logan, an aspiring author is awestruck when he listens to a Nobel prize winning author
what are two examples that emotions help people know their place/status in social groups
People rely heavily on emotional expressions to signal their status in hierarchies and to know their place. Like other mammals, humans find their social rank in groups in face-to-face emotional exchanges.
what is a scenario of affective forecasting
Sarita was unhappy with her career in sales, so she went to nursing school and became a nurse, expecting greater happiness in her new career. However, she found she wasn't any happier as a nurse than she was in sales.
ideas on self-perception examples
"If I bought this ridiculously expensive house, that has to mean I really like it." "The only reason I could have had for agreeing to recommend this restaurant to friends is that I like the place." "Since I was willing to endure the breakup of my marriage and loss of contact with my kids to become a success at my job, it must mean I felt it was worth it."
Taking 10 minutes to think about a current difficulty in your life and imagining what a good friend would tell you to be supportive.
10, current difficulty,supportive
Taking ... minutes a week to sit quietly and focus on feelings of kindness towards a person you are close to.
10,kindness
Which of the following are findings of the "forbidden toy" experiments relating to the use of mild versus severe punishments in induced compliance, and which are not?
Finding(s) Issuing a severe threat did not reduce the children's desire for the forbidden object. Issuing a mild threat reduced the children's desire for the forbidden object. Not Finding(s) Dissonance occurred only in the children who had been issued the severe threat. Issuing a mild threat was more effective than a severe threat at preventing the children from playing with the toy.
What is the strongest predictor of behavior according to the theory of planned behavior?
Intentions
Which of the following are examples of situations in which an attitude did not predict behavior because it was in conflict with another powerful determinant of behavior,
Jason loves few things more than smoking cigars, but he gives it up when his wife—whom he loves more than cigars—asks him to quit. Madelyn dislikes vegetables, but she often consumes them with her meals since she knows that they are good for her. When a homeless woman asks Robert for money to buy food, he gives her a dollar even though he thinks individuals who are homeless are lazy and don't deserve help. Although Tom dislikes gay people, he serves them at his bakery since he knows that if he discriminated against them, his customers would shun him and he would lose business.
Which of the following statements about introspection and reasons for attitudes are accurate and which are not?
accurate: The contaminating effect of introspection is limited to those times when the true source of our attitude is hard to pin down, such as when the basis of an attitude is largely affective. Introspection causes us to zero in on the easiest-to-identify attitudes about something, and these may not be the most important attitudes. not:When consumers think about the reasons why they chose one product over another, they are more likely to be satisfied with their purchases. Introspection is always detrimental, and we should just go with our gut feelings when making a choice. Introspecting about reasons for attitudes makes our behavior more consistent.
(ch7)From the perspective of self-perception theory, which of the following are factors that would make people evaluate a product differently?
availability payment effort put in product
in order to increase nurses' willingness to work overtime, many nurse managers offer incentives based on the number of extra hours worked. As a result of these rewards, the nurses will probably be willing to work overtime. Based on the overjustification effect, once the nurses no longer find the rewards worth their time, which of the following outcomes are likely to occur and which are not? Likely Outcome(s)
likely outcome:Intrinsic interest in working overtime is likely to decrease with the incentives. The nurses may lose interest in working overtime, because the decision to work overtime was due primarily to external rewards.
blind individuals will still show expressions similar to those of the sighted people according to Darwin because
the tendency to express emotions in specific ways has been encoded by evolutionary processes.
