CH 6

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-interval

Money is to extrinsic reward as enjoyment of an activity is to _____ reward.

instrinsic

Infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television. 16 14 12 10

14

Beth had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.

- Chemotherapy

Malia ate a hamburger she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later her stomach became very upset and she spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later she entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw a hamburger. Malia's nausea when she saw the hamburger is an example of _____ conditioning.

- Classical

Manny has been a coffee drinker since he started college 3 years ago. He finds that anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee. This is an example of _____.

- Classical Conditioning

Kevin wanted to train his dog to sit and lay down when he commanded the behavior. Kevin should use _____ conditioning to train his dog.

- Operant

Which of the following is NOT a possible consequence of using physical punishment (spanking) to change children's behavior?

- Punished behavior changes behavior in all situations and the change is long lasting.

Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?

- Rats appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the taste of tainted food because they taste small portions of a novel food first before eating it again.

Carl takes his 1-year-old son, Reynold, out for a walk. Reynold reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Reynold's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Reynold cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example?

- Reynold crying

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame, white rat?

- Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, which of the following would you recommend to her?

- Tina should play her own musical instrument in front of her children.

You feel fine at a picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. You begin to become anxious and fearful. This reaction is most likely a(n):

- conditioned response.

Edward drinks 2 to 3 cups of coffee every morning. Often Edward experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he sips a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the _____ of alertness.

- conditioned stimulus

Sean takes his 1-year-old son, James, out for a walk. James reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, James' mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. James cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response in this example?

- crying to the bee sting

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

- laws of learning are the same for all animals.

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to:

- learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

In classical conditioning, this is a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. After conditioning this stimulus will become the conditioned stimulus.

- neutral stimulus (NS)

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

- repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next 2 days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that:

- the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it was first enunciated by this psychologist. Ivan Pavlov Rosalie Rayner B.F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike

B.F. Skinner

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by: Ivan Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. John Garcia and Robert Koelling's research on taste aversion. B.F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

B.F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____.

Classical Conditioning

Carlos works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes he is given an additional 10 percent increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule.

Fixed ratio

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

Observable Behavior

Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing her dog. Debbie was modeling her mother's behavior that she acquired through _____.

Observational Learning

One chimpanzee watches a second chimpanzee solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates: operant conditioning. observational learning. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery.

Observational Learning

Which of the following is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher?

Operant conditioning

According to observational learning theory, when children have antisocial models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.

Prosocial

2. Money is an example of a:

Secondary Reinforcer " conditioned reinforcer"

_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

In classical conditioning we learn to associate _____ stimuli; while in operant conditioning we learn to associate a response and its consequences.

Two

Two researchers conducted an experiment using classical conditioning to study immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the MOST likely to produce this response? a. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug b. repeated pairing of minor electric shock followed by immune enhancing drug c. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a tone d. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye

a. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug

One of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: a. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. b. dogs anticipate and expect events. c. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms. d. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement.

a. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

Although B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? a. Rats do not seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. b. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. c. Children learn from observing their parents and exhibit the learning immediately. d. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence.

b. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

b. variable-interval

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? a. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. b. Girls were not included in these studies. c. Correlation does not prove causation. d. The studies do not take operant conditioning into account.

c. Correlation does not prove causation.

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior? a. She would act politely and talk about the importance of being polite. b. She would act rudely and talk about how being polite is not important. c. She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite. d. She would not be influenced by her parents' words or behaviors.

c. She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): a. unconditioned response (UR). b. unconditioned stimulus (US). c. conditioned response (CR). d. conditioned stimulus (CS).

c. conditioned response (CR).

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: a. the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). b. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. c. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. d. rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste.

c. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. a. conditioned stimulus (CS) b. neutral stimulus (NS) c. unconditioned response (UR) d. conditioned response (CR)

c. unconditioned response (UR)

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior.

cognitive processes

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position? a. Spanked children do not forget the punished behavior but simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place. b. Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving. c. Spanking can create fear in children. d. Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior.

d. Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior.

Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. Which statement does NOT explain this? a. Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick. b. The restaurant became a conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. c. The nausea became associated with the restaurant. d. The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea.

d. The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea.

Youri had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room began to make him nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the: a. unconditioned response (UR). b. neutral stimulus (NS). c. unconditioned stimulus (US). d. conditioned response (CR).

d. conditioned response (CR).

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates: a. spontaneous recovery. b. respondent behavior. c. latent learning. d. operant conditioning.

d. operant conditioning.

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer? money grades praise food

food

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to the work. One morning Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:

formed a cognitive map

Sonya trained her dog to howl when he heard Sonya play the piano by giving him a treat for doing so. One day, Sonya played a CD in her car of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through operant conditioning and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.

generalization

Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

modeling

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of: erratic behavior. negative reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery.

negative reinforcement.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS).

unconditioned response (UR).

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

Mirror Neuron

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

c. fixed-ratio