ch 6 memory

_____ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

Parts of the brain involved in memory/what type of memory

explicit memory- episodic and emotional memories- hippocampus(priming), frontal lobs, amygdala (emotional) implicit memory- priming- hippocampus, temporal lobes, cerebellum

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

genotype and phenotype

genotype- the genetic make-up of an individual for a trait. phenotype- the expression of the genes.

________ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference

memory

is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that _____.

memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time.

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____.

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.

prospective

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

retrieval

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____.

selective attention

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are_______ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

_________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

sensory

True or false: People with amnesia may forget episodic information but have semantic information still completely intact, and vice versa.

true

Interference occurs when _____.

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Eli knows the name of the capitol of his state, but he forgets it when his teacher asks. This is known as _____.

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.

there is no one memory center in the brain

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

three

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

____ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of ________ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of_______ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at that lecture is ________ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is _________ memory.

episodic semantic

The two main components of long-term memory are _________ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and ________ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit memory implicit memory

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?

frontal

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _______ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.

imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

implicit

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.

long term

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-term memory

Before using memory processes, you must first ______________the information you are about to study.

organize

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect.

primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the _______ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primacy

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.

prospective

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a little girl, Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the

reminiscence bump

Allan seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse early in his life, he uncovered what psychologists call _____ memory.

repressed

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a___________ memory.

repressed

__________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective attention

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory.

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as

semantic

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from _____-term memory to ______-term memory.

short long

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony? (Select all that apply.)

Bias may be involved. Memory can be distorted by new information. Witnesses may share their thoughts. Memory can fade.

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select all of the following that describe a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

Emotional memories Traumatic character of memories

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Experiment with different organizational techniques. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize.

What is the term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?

Motivated forgetting

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Physical functioning Memory Reasoning Language

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Experiment with different organizational techniques.

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)

Sharing personal experience creates social bonds. It provides us with identity. It allows us to learn from our experiences.

Which of the following is the best example of the reminiscence bump?

Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for any other decade of her life.

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events? (Select all that apply.)

They may be subject to deterioration and distortion. Stress-related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma. They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events.

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.

autobiographical

In a longitudinal study examining how long explicit memories last, researchers found that forgetting of information tended to happen in the first Input Field _____ years and then leveled off.

3

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)

General events Life time periods Event-specific knowledge

Endocrine gland

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

Endocrine glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

___________memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder?

It can be anterograde or retrograde. It can affect the retention of new memories. It can affect memories differentially.

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.)

It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.)

It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can store information longer than sensory memory.

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory? (Select all that apply.)

It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory. It is a mental blackboard. It consists of three parts.

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Which of the following is NOT a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

Memory for words

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting? (Select all that apply.)

Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma. A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful

The general term _______ refers to the loss of memory.

amnesia

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

chunk the information

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

encoding

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his _____ memory was less affected.

explicit implicit

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in _____ memory.

explicit memory prospective retrospective

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of _____.

retrieval

A _________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

sensory memory

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

What do researchers currently believe regarding amnesia?

Amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory; people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Which of the following best describes memory performance for participants who were asked to identify a series of pictures?

Participants were nearly 100 percent accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could only remember about 57 percent with accuracy.

explicit

clearly stated

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _______ memory.

declarative

When ________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaborating

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in _____ ___________ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.

eyewitness testimony

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

false

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____.

forgetting

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _____ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

Rehearsal increases the _____.

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

____ memory is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal.

permastore

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information;________ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

recall recognition

______ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

retrieval

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

sensory memory

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to________ events.

traumatic

the concept of ______ memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

A special form of episodic memory is -__________ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth

autobiographical

Ways to encode

chunking, imagery, elaboration

A subtype of implicit memory involves _____ _____, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called

encoding

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as ________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short term

_________ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short term

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of ____________ _______ memory.

short term memory

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

In one longitudinal study, researchers found that forgetting of class information tended to level off within ____ years of taking a class.

3 years