Ch 6 Post Test

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. acquistion conditioning extinction neutral stimulate

acquisition

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. decreases depends on the CS-UCS relationship increases is not affected

increases

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores playing poker taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. classical operant response stimulus

classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? classical conditioning controlled conditioning physiological conditioning psychic conditioning

classical conditioning

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical." The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never." The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely."

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. higher order initial primary secondary

higher order

According to Albert Bandura, ________. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? conditioning instincts learning reflexes

learning

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? acquisition extinction punishment recovery

punishment

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. associational instinctive processual reflexive

associational

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

variable interval

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Emotions can be a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. CS + UCS; continuous CS + UCS; intermittent UCS alone; continuous UCS alone; intermittent

CS + UCS; continuous

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert's mother. John B. Watson falsified most of his data. Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

what is the main idea of operant conditioning? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect? He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

what is the main idea of social learning theory? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents after dreaming they were on television after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. acquisition conditioning extinction learning

extinction

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. cognitive mapping conditioning latent learning reinforcement

latent learning

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? continuous partial primary secondary

partial

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart playing the slot machine

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. cognition model response stimulus

model

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? classical conditioning observational operant

observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. latent observational pavlovian vicarious

observational

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? latent acquisition latent punishment vicarious punishment vicarious reinforcement

vicarious punishment

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior when a dog refuses to play dead

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant." The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism." The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval." The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. taste aversion taste response unconditioned aversion unconditioned response

taste aversion

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. continuous partial primary secondary

continuous

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. conditioned response unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

john b watson

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. imitation modeling stimulus discrimination stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization