ch 6 psych test pt2

A child receives one homework pass—a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment—for every 10 word problems she completes during class. This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

a negative fixed ratio

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework

The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus is known as the _____.

conditioned response

A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behavior, and a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behavior.

increases, decreases

Research indicates that test performance is better if students use study materials that ____________________ and ______________________.

need to be rearranged; distribute their studying time over several sessions.

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as:

negative punishment

Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behavior reoccurring?

negative punishment

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky's behavior is an example of _______________.

negative reinforcement

Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as:

positive punishment

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is:

presented as a consequence of the organism's behavior.

A _____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, motivational need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

primary

Thorndike was known for his work with ______________.

puzzle boxes

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.

ratio

Which is the best explanation, that is based on classical conditioning, for why diet beverages do not prevent people from gaining weight?

Diet drinks elicit conditioned emotional reactions that lead people to overeat.

The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________.

Tolman

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?

stress

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to:

the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.

Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behavior.

Why are human biologically prepared to fear snakes and not guns?

Although also potentially involved in injury, guns are a more recent addition to our evolutionary history.

Operant conditioning is most closely associated with ________________.

BF Skinner

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Riley reports that watching commercials has classically conditioned her to only buy a particular brand of hand lotion and she could not possibly even consider purchasing any other brand. What might you want to remind her about classical conditioning in advertisements?

Classical conditioning affects emotions, but does not cause us to blindly follow suggestions to purchase products.

_____ create(s) situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging and with benefits that are less obvious in the short term.

Desirable difficulties

Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo" doll study?

Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.

As a consequence for misbehaving, many teachers use "timeout." How does this consequence affect students' behavior?

It takes away a stimulus to decrease bad behavior

Kathy takes her 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Her son screams, demanding that Kathy buys him treats. Although she refuses to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, Kathy yells at the top of her lungs, "QUIET!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

_____ removes the effects of an aversive stimulus, whereas _____ removes the possibility of an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place.

Negative reinforcement; negative punishment

A friend regularly spanks his children to decrease their misbehavior. Which statement is most accurate in regard to using spanking as form of corporal punishment?

Spanking can be an effective method of punishment but carries risks of additional negative outcomes.

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.

How can learning theory help to explain why diet drinks are ineffective in helping people lose weight?

People normally learn that sweet tastes (CS) predict calories (US), but artificial sweeteners weaken this association.

Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?

Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?

Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement.

According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?

Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviors to others through imitation.

Which is the most accurate conclusion from the large body of research that exists on the effects of viewing media violence?

Viewing aggression is related to increased aggression and desensitization to violence

Which of the following is true about the relationship between media violence and aggression?

Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

__________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

a cupcake, certificate of achievement

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

a gold start on a test

In classical conditioning, the process during which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus is known as _______.

acquisition

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement:

after a specific number of responses have been completed.

A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behavior that ___________ the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring.

after, decreases

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time most of the pigeons were practicing some sort of consistent behavior, even though the behavior did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer. The birds were:

behaving superstitiously

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning

cognitive processes

A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of ______________.

discrimination

A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a red light above the lever is on. In this scenario, the red light is acting as a _________________.

discriminative stimulus

To learn most effectively, you should _____ your study time and study material in _____ order

distribute; a different

Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants an action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What process is likely to happen as a result?

extinction

What is the main idea of social learning theory

fear is a conditioned response

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Frederick trained his parrot to open the door to his cage by pecking at a lever three times. Frederick used a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage the desired behavior.

fixed-ratio

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

giving children candy for completing their homework

Which of the following is most likely an example of a desirable difficulty when studying for a test?

having the material in the lecture presented in a different order than in the textbook

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

Observational learning:

involves a change in behavior as a result of watching others

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Contrary to some early behaviorist views, _____ suggest(s) that learning can occur without any immediate behavioral evidence.

latent learning

Learning that is not directly observable is called _____________.

latent learning

Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

The rewarding property of reinforcing stimuli like food and sex is believed to be related to the activity of which brain structure?

nucleus accumbens

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.

observational

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behavior through ________________.

observational learning

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

observational learning

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving ________________.

operant conditioning

In which type of learning is an organism's behavior influenced by the consequences of that behavior?

operant conditioning

Thorndike conducted research on ______________.

operant conditioning

Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

partial

Learned behavior is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

partial

What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six As on her report card?

partial reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be __________________, but in operant conditioning they are __________________.

reflexive; voluntary

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called ______________.

reinforcement

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response.

removed, increases

In general, research on the use of corporal punishments, such as spanking, suggests that:

severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided because of its negative side effects.

An animal trainer is trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for the circus. First the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a chair. Next the lion is given food if he raises one paw. Finally the lion is given food if he gives the trainer a "high-five." In this example, the lion is being trained by ________________.

shaping

______________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

shaping

Researchers use the term desirable difficulty to refer to:

situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging, but help long-term learning.

In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by:

smelling the breath of other rats.

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of:

the formation of a cognitive map

Thorndike's research famously led him to conclude that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again, and those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely. This principle is known as ______________.

the law of effect

The term operant refers to the fact that, in operant conditioning:

the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur.

Pete cannot seem to stop checking the change slots of vending machines. Although he usually does not find any money, occasionally he finds a quarter. Despite the low levels of reinforcement, this behavior is likely to persist due to _____.

the partial reinforcement effect

Sylvia used to play with balloons. When she tried to blow up a balloon last week, it popped in her face and gave her quite a scare. Now, blowing up a balloon is so scary that Sylvia will not try it. In this example, the pop is a(n) _____ and the balloon is a(n) _____.

unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Kwan checks his email for new messages several times during the day. He realizes that because emails are sent on a ________________ schedule, checking his email more frequently will not increase the number of new emails he receives in a day. Furthermore, he knows that he cannot predict when people will email him, but if an email has been sent to him, he will receive it the next time he checks.

variable-interval

The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently. Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters, but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters. In operant conditioning terms, Cathy is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.

variable-ratio

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Extinction in operant conditioning involves _________________.

withholding reinforcement