Ch. 6 - Socioemotional Develop. In Infancy

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

-7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed -4-year-old Sam, who feels shame

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care

2 million

The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as...

Attachment

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults...

Cannot receive paid leave

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to____ with her parents

Communicate/interact

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _____ diversity on emotional development

Cultural

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term...

Goodness of fit

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ______ of a person's personality

Temperament

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?

Effortful control

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an...

Emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an...

Emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through...

Emotions

______ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences

Emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects

Face to face

One of the main areas of focus in developmental social neuroscience is mother-infant bond, which is also called...

Mother - infant attachment

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as...

Personality / traits

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either...

Positive or negative

______ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs

Secure

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

Self-conscious emotions

Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

Slow to warm up

Ainsworth created the _____, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment

Strange situation

The term ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know

Stranger anxiety

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______

Temperament

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors?

-Hormones -Mother-infant attachment -The brain

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

-It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures -It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?

Rothbart and Bates

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?

-Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed -East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants -Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

-Slow-to-warm-up -Difficult -Easy

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

-Somewhat negative affect -Low intensity of mood -Low activity level

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

-Synchronous -Reciprocal

In general, infant fear first emerges at _____ months and peaks at about _____ months

6 months; 18 months

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ___

Inhibition

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other

Reciprocal

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is...

Reciprocal socialization

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as...

Transactional

Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence

True

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

-Abuse -Neglect

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

-Cultural influences -Goodness of fit influences