Ch 7 Nervous System Test Review

What are myelin sheaths? What is their purpose?

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

Explain the steps in a reflex arc.

sensor, sensory neuron, control center, motor neuron, and muscle

What are nodes of Ranvier?

specialized axonal segments that lack myelin, allowing the saltatory conduction of action potentials

What organs make up the central nervous system?

the brain and spinal cord

What are the divisions of the brain stem?

the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

Know about the neuropathologies discussed in the lecture.

the study of diseases of the eyes and of the nervous system

What are the major divisions of the nervous system? What are their general functions?

The 2 divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia that are outside of the PNS.

How are impulses carried down an axon? What happens when they reach the axon terminal? Explain how an impulse travels from neuron to neuron from the spinal cord to the fingertips.

The nerve impulse travels down the axon membrane as an electrical action potential to the axon terminal

What is the function of the meninges? What are the three layers of the meninges?

protect the brain and spinal cord

Know the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number.

Olfactory nerve (CN I), optic nerve (CN II), oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

What are the four support cells of the nervous system? What are their functions? Can they conduct impulses?

Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Astrocyte, Ependymal cells

What cell myelinates neurons in the CNS? What cell myelinates neurons in the PNS?

Schwann cells

What's the difference between 'sensory' and 'motor' divisions of the nervous system?

The afferent or sensory division transmits impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS. The efferent or motor division transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system? What are their general functions?

The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

What are the divisions of the efferent nervous system? What are their general functions?

The efferent motor system can be divided into autonomic and somatic. The autonomic nervous system controls functions out of our conscious control, such as breathing and heart rate. The somatic nervous system controls motor functions within our control, such as walking and talking.

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system? What are their general functions?

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main parts: Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands. Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous system.

What cell type makes up the peripheral nervous system?

neurons.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions

To which point on the vertebrae does the spinal cord descend?

conus medullaris, at the second lumbar vertebra level.

What are the main structural characteristics of neurons? (Cell body, etc.) Identify parts on a neuron diagram.

dendrites, an axon, and a cell body or soma

How are nerve impulses and the sodium/potassium pump related?

difference in charge generates electrical impulses which lead to nerve impulses.

What are the divisions of the diencephalon? Know a major function of each of those parts.

epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus

How many cerebral hemispheres do you have? How many lobes are on each hemisphere? What are the names of those lobes? Know a major function of each of those lobes.

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

What are the four main divisions of the brain?

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it located?

made by tissue that lines the ventricles (hollow spaces) in the brain.