Ch 7,8,8a,10,10a Biology 1104 Shradin

Which drug, if it were legal, would you recommend for a patient who has little or no appetite, such as a person on chemotherapy?

marijuana

Which of the following is a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap between adjacent neurons to convey a message to the next cell?

neurotransmitter

When Tanous exercises, his muscles need a greater flow of blood. Which of the following substances are the muscles likely to secrete locally?

nitric oxide

In saltatory conduction, nerve impulses jump from one exposed region of the axon to another. This exposed region is called the ________.

node of Ranvier

A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, _____ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the _____ in the adjacent areas.

sodium ... opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Which of these structures is located under the cerebral hemispheres and is important in sensory experience, motor activity, stimulation of the cerebral cortex, and memory?

thalamus

Which of the following is common to all forms of diabetes?

They are characterized by problems regulating blood glucose levels.

Illegal drugs gain their popularity because they primarily affect which portion of the brain?

limbic system

This is a group of a brain structures that helps us to experience feelings such as joy, fear, and anger.

limbic system

Which of the following can be defined as a collection of structures involved in emotions and memory?

limbic system

Which of the following will increase the rate of alcohol metabolism?

liver matabolism cannot be increased

A very deep groove that runs between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

longitudinal fissure

Which of the following is not a potential effect of alcohol abuse?

lung cancer

Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of a future egg cell by the ovaries?

luteinizing

A group of disorders characterized by problems in insulin production or function.

Diabetes mellitus

If a person uses Percocet, a morphine relative, to which of these drugs might that person develop cross-tolerance?

heroin

When a hormone binds to a receptor, the resulting molecule is called a(n) ________.

hormone-receptor complex

Having a high blood glucose level is called __________.

hyperglycemia

Gustav heard that a new sports drink would bulk up his muscles. He was worried that the stuff would contain steroids but was assured by his coach that it did not. He tried small amounts at first but then became impatient for results and drank a lot. He collapsed and was rushed to the emergency room with a high temperature. Using the information in this chapter, which part of the brain was most affected?

hypothalamus

Which brain structure maintains homeostasis and influences blood pressure, heart rate, digestive activity, breathing rate, and body temperature?

hypothalamus

Norman ate his birthday cake with lots of sugary frosting, so his pancreas secreted ________.

insulin

What hormone promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle?

insulin

This is the major cause of type 2 diabetes.

insulin resistance

Repolarization __________.

is due to movement of potassium ions out of the axon

When the neurotransmitter crosses the synapse, what happens?

The neurotransmitter causes the channel to open, and this can cause a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

A specific type of neuron that conducts information toward the brain and spinal cord from a sensory receptor.

Sensory neuron

Which component of a reflex arc carries information to the central nervous system?

Sensory neurons

Which one of the following ions outside the neuron would make it very difficult for a depolarization to occur?

Sodium

Which part of the brain is associated with conscious thought, memory, and personality?

Cerebral cortex

A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts.

-70

A fasting blood glucose test level of __________ is considered normal.

70 mg/dl to 99 mg/dl

What is the difference between a reflex and a reflex arc?

A reflex is an automatic response; a reflex arc is the neural circuitry.

If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events?

A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein.

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin)

A condition that occurs in adults in which there is an excess of growth hormone so that the bones thicken but do not lengthen.

Acromegaly

An autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system perceives cells of the adrenal cortex as foreigh and destroys the cells.

Addison's disease

Produces epinephrine, which is extremely important in the flight of fight reactions.

Adrenal medulla

Which of the following statements about the functions of hormones is MOST correct?

All of the listed responses are correct.

Why are many muscles at the effector end of the reflex arc found in antagonistic pairs?

Antagonistic muscles have opposite actions. This is often needed for a reflex.

A single, long extension of a neuron's cell body that functions to transmit an incoming message or impulse.

Axons

Calcitonin is secreted by which cells?

C cells (parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland

What occurs when the action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

Calcium ions rush into the presynaptic terminal.

Tissue located within the brain that allows the left and right cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another.

Corpus callosum

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces what steroid hormone?

Cortisol

The undersecretion of thyroid hormone during infancy, cuasing dwarfism, mental retardation, and slow sexual development.

Cretinism

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease

A syndrome that results from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and can be characterized by fatigue, high blood pressure, and elevated glucose levels.

Cushing's syndrome

The short branching projections of a neuron, which provide surface area for sending and receiving signals from other cells.

Dendrite

A condition that results from a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone.

Diabetes insipidus

Synapse in which neurotransmitters allow sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell.

Excitatory synapse

All anemias are caused by iron deficiency.

False

Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes are often underweight at birth.

False

Blood alcohol level is solely dependent upon the number of drinks consumed.

False

Dependence is a progressive decrease in the effectiveness of a drug in a given person.

False

Heroine is an opiate that works primarily by increasing the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain.

False

It has been proven that using marijuana leads to use of more serious drugs.

False

Obesity is a primary culprit in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

False

One advantage to amphetamines is that they are NOT addictive.

False

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus include family history, obesity, inactivity, and being a member of a high-risk population.

False

True or false. An individual who has suffered a stroke, which has caused damage in his cerebrum, and is now having problems with his hearing, has probably suffered damage to his occipital lobe.

False

Type 1 diabetes mellitus can be prevented or delayed through weight loss and exercise.

False

As an action potential is propagated and the voltage-regulated ion gates open and close, what happens?

First the membrane polarity is reversed and then the ions return to their normal electrical state.

Infants require many nutrients early in life, including lipids such as fats. A low-fat diet for infants is not recommended because, among other things, it can impact the development of the nervous system. Why does the developing nervous system need lipids?

Glial cells need lipids to produce the myelin sheath.

You just ate about half your birthday cake. Which of the following is happening in your body?

Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases.

An autoimmume disorder caused by the overproduction of thyroid hormone; it is characterized by increased metabolic rate and heart rate.

Grave's disease

Your neighbor tried to lift a propane tank onto the back of his pickup truck and ruptured the cartilaginous disk between two of his vertebrae. What is most likely to happen to him?

He will suffer pain from a compressed spinal nerve.

A tumor here may cause you to eat either too much of too little.

Hypothalamus

Consider the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Which statement is generally true?

In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.

Synapse in which neurotransmitters decrease the chance of an action potential on the postsynaptic cell.

Inhibitory synapse

After a meal, blood glucose levels increase and stimulate the secretion of which hormone?

Insulin

Association neurons that are located between the sensory and motor neurons, where they integrate or interpret the sensory signals.

Interneurons

Membrane proteins that allow specific charged molecules to pass through from one side of membrane to the other.

Ion channels

Which statement accurately describes the myelin sheath?

It speeds up the conduction of nervous impulses.

Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the myelin sheath is destroyed. What will happen to nerve conduction speed in affected neurons?

It will slow down dramatically

Which of the following drugs is most similar in mode of action and effect to ecstasy?

LSD

Marina has owned a bar for many years and extols the health benefits of alcohol. Which of these claims is correct?

Moderate consumption raises the "good" cholesterol levels.

Specific neurons that carry information away from the brain and spinal cord to an effector such as a muscle or a gland.

Motor neuron

When talking about the movement of neurotransmitters, what can we accurately say?

Neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, diffuse across a gap, and bind to receptor sites on another cell membrane, triggering a change in the activity of the receptor cell.

What is the primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Obesity

If the level of calcium in the blood falls below the homeostatic level, which of the following would be true?

Parathormone levels in the body would increase.

Which of the following is true of diabetes mellitus type 1?

Patients always require insulin.

A structure in the brain that bridges the higher and lower brain centers.

Pons

Which statement is most correct about the activities of psychoactive drugs?

Psychoactive drugs may either increase or decrease the response of the receptor.

This filters sensory input.

Reticular activating input

What does saltatory conduction mean?

Saltatory conduction means that the nerve impulse seems to jump from one node to the next—and is regenerated as it speeds along.

When speaking of myelinating glial cells, we can correctly say that ________.

Schwann cells are glial cells found outside the brain and spinal cord; oligodendrocytes are glial cells found in the brain and spinal cord

Which of the following statements is true about the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects.

The junction between a neuron and another cell.

Synapse

Part of the neuron where neurotransmitters are released.

Synaptic knobs

What is the active drug in marijuana?

THC

A portions of the brain that processes all sensory information except olfaction and relays information to the appropriate higher brain centers.

Thalamus

Which part of the brain functions as a relay station for information to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

Choose the INCORRECT statement

The anterior pituitary releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

A certain drug prevents a neurotransmitter from initiating a response in the receiving neuron. Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism by which the drug may be acting?

The drug is preventing the neurotransmitter from binding to its receptors in the receiving neuron.

Which of the following is the most correct statement about psychoactive drugs and neurotransmitters?

The first three answers are all correct. Psychoactive drugs can increase the number of neurotransmitter molecules; they can decrease the number of neurotransmitter molecules; and they can bind to the neurotransmitter receptor sites.

How are hormones related to the interaction of the nervous system and muscular system?

The nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones.

A new drug interferes with the function of the dendrites of a neuron. What will happen to this neuron?

The neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon.

Which of the following does NOT occur in a healthy person's body after meals?

The pancreas secretes glucagon

Which statement most accurately describes the relative physical position of the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs.

Think of the heart in the tutorial. Now, picture yourself being chased by a herd of wild elephants. What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic actions on your heart?

The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden."

Which of these statements best describes a synapse?

The synapse includes the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane.

Which of the following is NOT a method for clearing neurotransmitters from a synapse?

They can be taken up into the postsynaptic neuron.

Amphetamines are drugs that can bind to the same receptors as the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and can also inhibit the enzymes that break down norepinephrine. Based on this information, which of the following effects would amphetamines most likely have on norepinephrine action?

They produce the same effects as norepinephrine for a prolonged period of time.

By far, the most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus, which accounts for between 90% and 95% of all diabetes cases.

True

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the pancreas is functioning normally to synthesize sufficient insulin.

True

Moderate alcohol consumption can actually increase the blood levels of good cholesterol, or HDL.

True

Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger?

When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.

All forms of anemia involve __________.

a decrease in the ability of blood to carry oxygen

Sodium and potassium ions cross the neuron's membrane to cause which of the following processes?

action potential

What is the mechanism of action of nicotine?

activates acetylcholine receptors

In males, the primary source of estrogens is the ________.

adrenal cortex

A nerve impulse does not vary in intensity with regard to the strength of the stimulus. This is known as what principle?

all-or-nothing principle

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

estrogen

Parathyroid hormone causes the blood calcium level to rise, but calcitonin causes those levels to fall. The relationship between the two hormones is described as ________.

antagonistic

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesized?

anterior pituitary

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.

association with a cell's plasma membrane

What hormone causes the loss of sodium and water, thus lowering blood pressure.

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

This part of the peripheral nervous system regulates involuntary body functions, heart rate, and breathing rate.

autonomic nervous system

An action potential moves along a(n) _____.

axon

The part of the nerve cell responsible for origination of the nerve impulse is the ________.

axon hillock, because this is the specific area of the nerve cell that generates the electrical impulse that travels along the axon

Name the three principal parts of the nerve cell.

axon, dendrites, cell body

An action potential would most commonly arrive from which of the following structures before arriving at the axon?

cell body

You are watching a football game with your friends. A wide receiver makes an incredible catch and then runs 20 yards, skillfully dodging defensive players to make a touchdown. Your friend Joe says, "Amazing! How does he do that?" The receiver's outstanding sensory-motor coordination is largely due to the actions of his __________.

cerebellum

While examining her patient's nose, Dr. Carlita Gonzales, an allergy specialist, noted a hole in the partition between the nasal cavities. The doctor suspects her patient is snorting which drug?

cocaine

Gian-Carlo is going to have part of his adrenal cortex removed because of a tumor. After the surgery, he may need ________.

cortisol

Inflammatory processes can be painful and even dangerous if they continue inappropriately. Which of the following would control those processes?

cortisol

Which set of words can correctly be used to describe interneurons?

excitatory and inhibitory

Belinda was riding a bicycle without a helmet and was struck by a car. She hit the back of her head very hard in the fall. The physician is quite concerned because the medulla is located at the base of the skull. She explains to Belinda's parents that injury to the medulla could result in __________.

death, because many life-support systems are controlled here

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?

epinephrine and oxytocin

The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates which of the following amine hormones?

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

True or false. The adrenal gland secretes hormones that slow down the heart rate and lower blood glucose levels.

false

Neurons with a myelin sheath carry impulses __________ unmyelinated cells.

faster than

During an automobile accident, Susan received a serious head injury to the left side. Afterward she had a hard time speaking, although she showed that she understood what was being said to her. Which area of her cerebrum was damaged?

frontal lobe

Sandhu has type 1 diabetes, so he must frequently inject himself with insulin. He has to be careful not to inject himself too often or with too much of the hormone because this vital chemical will virtually disappear from his bloodstream.

glucose

Lian, at 12 years old, was barely 3 feet tall. What hormone might she take to grow taller?

growth hormone

Which is the hormone that stimulates growth by increasing cell size or rate of cell division?

growth hormone

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations

Ivana has a rapidly growing brain tumor and must be put on life support because she can no longer maintain appropriate heart and respiratory rates. She is also having trouble maintaining blood pressure. The most likely area that the tumor is affecting is the ________.

medulla oblongata

This 1-inch section of the brain controls the breathing rhythm and heart rate.

medulla oblongata

What amine hormone helps coordinate body activities with the light-dark cycle?

melatonin

Which of the following hormones may take part in one or more of these functions: daily rhythms, long periods of sleep, and depression?

melatonin

Which of the following parts of the nervous system is closest to a muscle?

motor neuron

Which of these diseases involves the destruction of the myelin sheath on certain neurons within the brain and spinal cord?

multiple sclerosis

You might have been accidentally exposed to an insecticide while working in a citrus grove. What symptoms of poisoning would you watch for?

muscle tremors

Enrique, 28 years old, has a low heart rate, cool skin, puffy face, and behaves sluggishly. He probably has this thyroid disorder.

myxedema

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?

nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways

The transmission of a nerve impulse first triggers the _____.

opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron

Maria has been in labor for 12 hours, and her obstetrician thinks that it is time to artificially induce birth. What hormone will the physician inject?

oxytocin

Thus portion of the central nervous system governs bodily acticities during restful conditions.

parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a likely side-effect of gestational diabetes?

preeclampsia

When you ride your bike to class, which area of the cerebrum are you using to move your leg muscles?

premotor cortex

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the electrical transmission of a nerve impulse?

presynaptic neuron, synapse, postsynaptic neuron

A psychoactive drug that delays the removal of a neurotransmitter from the synapse will ________.

prolong the effect of the neurotransmitter on the receiving neuron

Which of the following substances functions in the body's inflammatory response prevents blood clots, regulates body temperature, and opens airways to the lungs?

prostaglandins

Drugs that alter one's mood or emotional state are called __________.

psychoactive

Cancer cells often fail to respond to certain hormones because they lack these cell membrane features important in binding with that specific hormone.

receptors

When considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________.

receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane

Which of the following is a specific function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

shock absorption

Eating a lot of shrimp would tend to decrease the incidence of which of the following conditions?

simple goiter

A neuron's membrane that maintains a charge difference across its surface in which the inside is more negative than the outside is called ________.

resting potential

You are generally not aware of the texture of the cloth of your shirt as it rests on your shoulders, unless someone or something happens to make you think of it. What part of the brain is responsible for filtering out such stimuli?

reticular activating center

As you sit here studying, you are unlikely to be aware of the pressure of your clothes against your body and the rustling of paper as other students turn pages. Which part of the brain "decides" that these are unimportant stimuli?

reticular activating system

Anton has diabetes mellitus and has to take insulin. One day he forgot to inject himself as his doctor directed. Predict the most likely consequence according to this chapter.

rise in blood glucose levels

You touch a hot stove and your hand quickly jerks away. What is the path of the nerve impulses that are responsible for this reflex?

sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron

In the propagation of an action potential, which voltage-regulated gates open first?

sodium gates

The specialized membrane proteins that actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane are known as the ________.

sodium-potassium pump

This part of the peripheral nervous system carries sensory information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the central nervous system and may also direct voluntary movements.

somatic nervous system

Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule?

steroid

What hormone promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle?

su

The combined effects of inhibitory and excitatory effects on a postsynaptic cell will decide whether that cell generates an action potential. This principle is called ________.

summation

A loud, unexpected noise will cause this part of the autonomic nervous systen to become active.

sympathetic nervous system

If someone were to yell, "Fire!" now and you suddenly began to smell smoke, which part of your nervous system would become activated to prepare your internal body systems to deal with the dangerous situation?

sympathetic system

In a resting nerve cell membrane (think axon), the electrical relationship between the fluid inside the membrane (inside the cell) and the fluid outside the membrane (extracellular fluid) is as follows: ________.

the interior is negative relative to the exterior

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.

the nucleus

When discussing the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, we can most correctly state that ________.

the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord

The role of the sodium-potassium pump in the story of the action potential is as follows: ________.

the sodium-potassium pump functions in returning the membrane to its "normal" state after an action potential has been propagated

At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane?

the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.

they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

Alcoholism is America's number one drug problem.

true

Overweight and inactivity are usually risk factors for which type of diabetes?

type 2 diabetes mellitus

When a woman breast-feeds, oxytocin causes the milk to move from the mammary glands toward the nipples. What other organ might also react when a woman breast-feeds right after giving birth?

uterus

This type of hormone characteristically requires a second messenger.

water-soluble

As an action potential moves along an axon, we could say that ________.

when the signal first reaches the axon, the sodium channels open and the sodium ions move down a concentration gradient