Ch. 8 Quiz

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was ______________.

auditory from a female speaker

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

cortisol

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on ______________.

cultural expectations

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

pragmatic inference

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

schemas

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and _________.

source misattribution

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos _______________.

the person took himself/herself

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that ____________. a. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong. b. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. c. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. d. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate.

a. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories ______________.

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved ________________. a. omissions of information that was presented. b. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. c. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous. d. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was.

b. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that __________. a. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). b. rehearsal cannot account for them. c. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. d. they are permanent and resist forgetting.

c. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean its accurate

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated ____________. a. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." b. using stronger semantic connections than normal. c. less efficiently than normal. d. using more visual encoding than normal.

c. less efficiently than normal