Ch 9, 15, & 16 Review

When one is using ultrasound, the field of treatment should NOT be more than: 1 to 2 square inches. 3 to 4 square inches. 5 to 6 square inches. 7 to 8 square inches.

3 to 4 square inches. 14

An exercise that involves weight bearing through an extremity is considered: An open kinetic chain exercise A closed kinetic chain exercise Isometric Isokinetic

A closed kinetic chain exercise

Electrical stimulation used for the purpose of retarding muscle atrophy is most effective when using which of the following parameter settings? A frequency of 20 to 40 pps and a high-voltage monophasic current A frequency of 30 to 60 pps and a low-voltage monophasic current A frequency of 80 pps and a high-voltage monophasic current A frequency of 30 to 60 pps and a high-frequency biphasic current

A frequency of 30 to 60 pps and a high-frequency biphasic current 20

Which of the following statements is true of muscle atrophy? A muscle that is immobilized in a shortened position gains contractile function. The greatest muscle atrophy occurs in the fast-twitch fibers. Isometric contraction and electrical stimulation of muscles causes muscle atrophy. A muscle that is immobilized in a lengthened position tends to atrophy less.

A muscle that is immobilized in a lengthened position tends to atrophy less.

Which of the following statements is true of apophyses? The apophyses are pressure epiphyses of the long bones. A young, physically immature athlete is particularly prone to apophyseal injuries. The apophyses serve as origins, or insertions, for muscles on growing bone that provide bone shape and length. Common apophyseal injuries found in sports are osteoarthritis and synovitis.

A young, physically immature athlete is particularly prone to apophyseal injuries. Young, physically immature athletes are particularly prone to apophyseal injuries.

Which of the following conditions is transient and occurs during and immediately after exercise? Acute-onset muscle soreness Neuropraxia Delayed-onset muscle soreness Myositis Ossificans

Acute-onset muscle soreness, the first type of muscle pain, is transient and occurs during and immediately after exercise.

All of the following are basic functions of bone EXCEPT: Hematopoiesis Body support Organ protection Calcium production

All? Bones perform five basic functions: body support, organ protection, movement (through joints and levers), calcium storage, and formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis).

Which of the following causes pain at rest and usually elicits a "jump sign," with the patient crying out, wincing, or withdrawing from the stimulus when firm pressure is applied over the point? Bursitis An active trigger point A latent trigger point Neuritis

An active trigger point An active trigger point causes pain at rest. Firm pressure applied over the point usually elicits a "jump sign," with the patient crying out, wincing, or withdrawing from the stimulus.

Identify a suggested cause of osteochondrosis in which circulation to the epiphysis has been disrupted. Aseptic necrosis Anoxia Synovitis Toxemia

Aseptic necrosis One suggested cause of osteochondrosis is aseptic necrosis, in which circulation to the epiphysis has been disrupted.

Which of the following types of tissue loading is produced by external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions? Compression Tension Shearing Torsion

Compression Five types of tissue loading can produce stress and strain: compression, tension, shearing, bending, and torsion. Compression is produced by external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions.

Which of the following fractures occur on the side opposite the point at which trauma was initiated? Contrecoup fractures Serrated fractures Blowout fractures Depressed fractures

Contrecoup fractures occur on the side opposite the point at which trauma was initiated. 14

Which of the following is an effect of cold at the cellular level? Vasoconstriction Decreased metabolic rate Decreased muscle spasm Decreased nerve excitability

Decreased metabolic rate

__________ is a property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation. Conductivity Torsion Compression Elasticity

Elasticity 04

A person who is highly conditioned will experience a gradual generalized loss of fitness when exercise is suddenly stopped. T/F?

False

Athletic trainers make the final decision as to whether an athlete should return to full competition. T/F?

False

During a massage, stimulation is achieved by slow, superficial stroking of the skin. T/F?

False

Light stroking in effleurage is a therapeutic compression of soft tissue, which encourages venous and lymphatic drainage. T/F?

False

Rehabilitation of an athlete should center on recovery of the affected part only. T/F?

False

The greatest atrophy in an immobilized body part occurs in the type II (fast-twitch) fibers. T/F?

False

Bending occurs when equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces, forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another. T/F?

False Bending can occur in one of the following ways: when two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure (4-point); when three forces cause bending (3-point); or when an already bowed structure is axially loaded. 34

Bone is a specialized type of loose connective tissue consisting of contractile cells. T/F?

False Bone is a specialized type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes) that are fixed in a matrix, which consists of an intercellular material.

In the context of ligament sprains, ligaments and capsules heal rapidly because of a relatively rich blood supply feeding a joint. T/F?

False In the context of ligament sprains, ligaments and capsules heal slowly because of a relatively poor blood supply. 25

Neuritis, a chronic nerve problem, may produce paresthesias. T/F?

False Neuritis, a chronic nerve problem, may produce a lifelong physical disability, such as paraplegia or quadriplegia, and should therefore not be overlooked in any circumstance. 37

Tendinitis is the term used to describe the degeneration of a tendon. T/F?

False Tendinitis is the term used to describe the inflammation of a tendon.

When a tendon is loaded by tension, the wavy, collagenous fibers retain their original shape, and when the tension is released, the collagen straightens in the direction of the load. T/F?

False When a tendon is loaded by tension, the wavy, collagenous fibers straighten in the direction of the load; when the tension is released, the collagen returns to its original shape. 21

In the field of athletic training, a poorly designed rehabilitation program is the biggest deterrent to successful rehabilitation. T/F?

False 32

To ensure proper lymphatic and venous drainage in an effective massage, stroke away from the heart. T/F?

False 37

In muscle stimulation, the smaller active pad is used to disperse the electrons from the body. T/F?

False 39

In isokinetic exercise, fast exercises produce greater negative effects on the joints than slow exercises. T/F?

False 41

The hunting response is an actual change in blood flow where vasoconstriction occurs following the application of cryotherapy. T/F?

False 47

Thermotherapy, cryotherapy, and therapeutic ultrasound all rely on the transfer of thermal energy. T/F?

False 51

Which of the following is NOT a biphasic (alternating) wave? Galvanic Triangular Sine Square

Galvanic

What exercises are best to use when immobilization is discontinued and you want to increase the mechanical properties of ligaments? Low-frequency, short duration endurance exercises Low-frequency, long duration endurance exercises High-frequency, short duration endurance exercises High-frequency, long duration endurance exercises

High-frequency, short duration endurance exercises

Following an injury or surgery, when should the rehabilitation process be initiated? Immediately after 24 hours later 3 to 4 days later When the pain subsides

Immediately after

All of the following are anatomical characteristics of a synovial joint EXCEPT: Mechanoreceptors provide lubrication, shock absorption, and nutrition of the joint. Ligaments provide the main structural support and joint stability. The articulating surfaces of the bone are lined with a very thin, smooth, cartilaginous covering called hyaline cartilage. The inner surface of the joint capsule is lined by a very thin synovial membrane that is highly vascularized and innervated.

In the context of anatomical characteristics of a synovial joint, mechanoreceptors provide information about the relative position of the joint and are found in the fibrous capsule and ligaments.

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of being overly aggressive with exercise? Increased flexibility Swelling Spasm Pain

Increased flexibility

Maximum muscle loading at a fixed speed with accommodating resistance throughout the entire range of motion is characterized by what method of exercise? Plyometric Isokinetic Isotonic Isometric

Isokinetic

Increasing static strength and decreasing atrophy can best be accomplished by using what method of exercise? Accommodating resistance Isokinetic Isotonic Isometric

Isometric

Which of the following statements is true of the therapeutic exercise known as Structural Integration? It focuses primarily on muscle. It attempts to contract fascial adhesions to increase mechanical stress. It is used to identify and correct asymmetrical postural patterns. It uses manual therapy and sensorimotor movement education.

It uses manual therapy and sensorimotor movement education. 11

_____ is the ability to detect movement. Atrophy Traction Kinesthesia Proprioception

Kinesthesia 21

If a muscle is immobilized in a shortened position, which of the following will occur? Loss of contractile function Enlargement of muscles Immediate improved flexibility when immobilization is removed Increase in muscle protein

Loss of contractile function

As a tendon is usually double the strength of the muscle it serves, tears commonly occur at all of the following sites except in the: Muscle belly Musculotendinous junction Mid-tendon area Bony attachment

Mid-tendon area As a tendon is usually double the strength of the muscle it serves, tears commonly occur at the muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, or bony attachment. 6

Which of the following techniques combines passive accessory joint mobilization with active physiological movement to correct positional faults? Myofascial release Mulligan technique Strain/counterstrain Active release

Mulligan technique 24

Which of the following treatment techniques uses neurophysiological principles to relax overactive muscles and/or stretch chronically shortened muscles? Mobilization techniques Muscle energy techniques Myofascial release Strain/Counterstrain

Muscle energy techniques

Which of the following injuries is a consequence of microtrauma or repetitive stress? Ankle sprain Traumatic bursitis Osgood-Schlatter disease Hamstring strain

Osgood-Schlatter disease Among injuries classified as repetitive stress and microtrauma are Achilles tendinitis; shinsplints; stress fractures, particularly of the fibula and second and fifth metatarsal bones; Osgood-Schlatter disease; runner's and jumper's knee; patellar chondromalacia; apophyseal avulsion, especially in the lower extremities of young, growing individuals; and intertarsal neuroma. 02

A method of promoting the response of the neuromuscular mechanism through stimulation is called: Isometric exercise Isotonic exercise PNF exercise Isokinetic exercise

PNF exercise

Referred pain is: Pain that is felt at a point of the body other than its actual origin Pain that is felt at the site of a trigger point origin Pain that occurs at the site where some muscle fibers have been stretched or actually torn Pain that occurs at the site where there is a bluish-purple discoloration of the skin

Pain that is felt at a point of the body other than its actual origin Pain that is felt at a point of the body other than its actual origin is known as referred pain.

_____ is the ability to determine the position of a joint in space. Atrophy Traction Kinesthesia Proprioception

Proprioception 20

A condition in which cold exposure causes vasospasm of the digital arteries is known as: Raynaud's phenomenon. ischemia. hunting response. tapotement.

Raynaud's phenomenon.

The phase can last for several years and includes a series of functional progression activities. Remodeling phase Repair phase Acute phase Pre-surgical phase

Remodeling phase

In which technique does an athlete move through a complete range of motion against a maximal resistance in a smooth and rhythmic pattern? Contract-relax Hold-relax Slow reversal Rhythmic stabilization

Slow reversal

Traction is indicated for which of the following conditions? Tumors Osteoporosis Joint diseases Spinal nerve root impingement

Spinal nerve root impingementF

Which of the following refers to the relative ability of a tissue to resist a particular load? Elasticity Stiffness Stress Strain

Stiffness is the relative ability of a tissue to resist a particular load. 05

Inflammation of a tendon that is manifested by pain on movement, swelling, possibly some warmth, and usually crepitus is referred to as: Bursitis Neuritis Tendinitis Tenosynovitis

Tendinitis Tendinitis means inflammation of a tendon that is manifested by pain on movement, swelling, possibly some warmth, and usually crepitus. 07

Decisions on how to lead an athlete through a rehabilitation program should be based on: The healing process The desire of the athlete The strength of the musculature of the athlete The pressure from the athlete's coach

The healing process

Mechanoreceptors are located throughout the body in muscles, tendons, and joints to provide sensory awareness of: The rate of movement at a joint The pain in a joint The position of a joint The temperature of a joint

The position of a joint 13

Which of the following is one of the purposes of slats provided at the bottom of paraffin bath units? To promote circulation of cellulose particles To protect patients from burns To prevent vasoconstriction of arterioles To allow optimal mixing of water and crushed ice

To protect patients from burns

Because of buoyancy and hydrostatic pressure, submersion in a pool presents a versatile exercise environment that can be easily varied according to individual needs. T/F?

True

Elevation while using an intermittent compression device is most effective in encouraging venous and lymphatic drainage. T/F?

True

Even though all electrical outlets on a whirlpool have ground fault interrupters, athletes should not turn the machine on or off while in the whirlpool. T/F?

True

Heat is believed to assist the healing process of muscle spasm caused by ischemia by releasing histamine and bradykinin. T/F?

True

Immobilization of joints causes loss of normal compression, which in turn leads to a decrease in lubrication that subsequently causes degeneration. T/F?

True

Mobilization techniques are performed parallel to the treatment plane, and traction is performed perpendicular to the treatment plane. T/F?

True

Postural Restoration is a treatment technique that is used to identify and correct asymmetrical postural patterns that negatively influence normal sitting, standing, walking and breathing. T/F?

True

Tissue that has previously been cooled takes longer to return to a normal temperature than tissue that has been heated. T/F?

True

With shortwave diathermy, the extent of muscle heating depends on the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. T/F?

True

A first-time dislocation should always be considered and treated as a possible fracture. T/F?

True A first-time dislocation should always be considered and treated as a possible fracture. 26

Stress forces become concentrated at points at which a long bone suddenly changes shape and direction. T/F?

True Atomical strength or weakness can be affected by a bone's shape and its changes in shape or direction. Stress forces become concentrated at points at which a long bone suddenly changes shape and direction. 29

Bursitis most often occurs around joints, where there is friction between tendon and bone, skin and bone, or muscle and other muscles. T/F?

True Bursitis most often occurs around joints, where there is friction between tendon and bone, skin and bone, or muscle and other muscles.

Oblique fractures occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other end is fixed. T/F?

True Oblique fractures occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other end is fixed. 31

Stress fractures that occur on the compression side of bone heal more rapidly and are managed more easily compared with those on the tension side. T/F?

True Stress fractures that occur on the compression side of bone heal more rapidly and are managed more easily compared with those on the tension side. 32

Tendons have a high mechanical strength, good flexibility, and an optimal level of elasticity to perform their role. T/F?

True Tendons have a high mechanical strength, good flexibility, and an optimal level of elasticity to perform their role. 20

Osteoclasts build new bone on the outside of the bone, whereas osteoblasts increase the medullary cavity by breaking down bony tissue. T/F?

True The diameter may increase as a result of the combined action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts build new bone on the outside of the bone; at the same time, osteoclasts increase the medullary cavity by breaking down bony tissue.

In the context of the anatomical characteristics of the musculotendinous unit, the fibrous wrapping of a muscle may become a flat sheet of connective tissue that attaches to other muscles. T/F?

True The musculotendinous unit consists of the muscle, the tendon, and the fascia that surrounds the muscle. The fibrous wrapping of a muscle may become a flat sheet of connective tissue (aponeurosis) that attaches to other muscles.

Avulsion fractures are common when bone tissue is weaker than the tendon or ligament attaching onto it. T/F?

True dislocations or subluxations will occasionally result in an avulsion fracture, in which an attached tendon or ligament pulls a small piece of bone away from the rest of the bone. So, avulsion fractures are common when bone tissue is weaker than the tendon or ligament attaching onto it. 24

DOMS becomes most intense after twenty-four to 48 hours and then gradually subsides. T/F?

True DOMS becomes most intense after twenty-four to 48 hours and then gradually subsides, so that the muscle becomes symptom free after 3 or 4 days. 22

The most common result of a wear and tear, a degeneration, of the hyaline cartilage is referred to as osteoarthritis. T/F?

True The joints in the body are mechanical systems, and wear and tear, even from normal activity, is inevitable. The most common result of this wear and tear, a degeneration of the articular, or hyaline, cartilage, is referred to as osteoarthritis. 38

A long-term goal of any rehabilitation program is to return an athlete to participation as quickly and safely as possible. T/F?

True 27

An increase in the extensibility of collagen tissue will not occur unless a heat treatment is associated with stretching exercises. T/F?

True 31

As a general rule, ice can be applied to an area for a maximum of 45 minutes to an hour at a stretch. T/F?

True 33

Proprioception and balance training must be incorporated into a rehabilitation program to help the athlete maintain postural stability. T/F?

True 37

Eccentric contractions are critical for deceleration of limb motion, especially during high-velocity dynamic activities. T/F?

True 39

Raynaud's phenomenon is a condition that causes vasospasm of digital arteries lasting for minutes to hours, which could lead to tissue death. T/F?

True 41

Rhythmic stabilization uses an isometric contraction of the agonist muscles, followed by an isometric contraction of the antagonist muscles. T/F?

True 42

Myofascial release refers to a group of techniques used to relieve soft tissue from the abnormal grip of tight fascia. T/F?

True 43

The basic premise of the Mulligan technique is to never cause pain with joint mobilizations. T/F?

True 44

Petrissage is a technique adaptable primarily to loose and heavy tissue areas. T/F?

True 52

Which of the following is an advantage of isotonic resistance? Wide range of usefulness at low cost Works one primary muscle group at a time Allows exercises to be performed in a straight plane Can exercise at only slow velocities

Wide range of usefulness at low cost 19

A decrease in the energy of sound when it is scattered and absorbed by the tissue it penetrates is known as: attenuation. compression. modulation. conduction.

attenuation.

Shortwave diathermy is used to treat: bursitis. fibrositis. myositis. tendinitis.

bursitis. 12

Indirect heating through medium such as air or liquid is called: conduction. conversion. convection. radiation.

convection.

All of the following are desirable effects of heat EXCEPT: decreasing joint stiffness. relieving muscle spasm. increasing extensibility of collagen tissues. decreasing blood flow.

decreasing blood flow. 8

Thermal energy can be transferred by all of the following EXCEPT: conduction. conversion. evaporation. radiation.

evaporation 01

A modality that creates a therapeutic environment through dry heat and forced convection through a suspended airstream is: infrared radiation. fluidotherapy. paraffin bath. microwave diathermy.

fluidotherapy 11

Whirlpool use is contraindicated in acute injury because of the potential to increase swelling due to: gravity-dependent positioning. vasoconstriction of the arterioles. the rigidity of the equipment used. an abrupt stretching of the treated area.

gravity-dependent positioning.

Cryokinetics is a technique in which: ice is applied until numbness is felt and then the athlete exercises for 3 to 5 minutes. an athlete exercises for 3 to 5 minutes and then applies ice until the area is numb. ice is applied for 3 to 5 minutes then the athlete exercises for 3 to 5 minutes. an area is numbed after 12 minutes of exercise.

ice is applied until numbness is felt and then the athlete exercises for 3 to 5 minutes. 16

The process whereby ions in a solution are carried through the intact skin by an electrical current is called: iontophoresis. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. phonophoresis. ultrasonic transfer.

iontophoresis.

Osteoblasts that provide bone growth and repair are located in the inner layer of the: Medullary cavity Periosteum Epiphysis Endosteum

periosteum Throughout the periosteum on its inner layer exist countless blood vessels and osteoblasts (bone-forming cells); the osteoblasts provide bone growth and repair. 12

An example of a therapeutic modality that uses the principle of radiant energy is: paraffin bath. shortwave diathermy. hot and cold whirlpools. electric heating pads.

shortwave diathermy.

Electrical currents that pass through tissues generate heat as a result of: the absorption of these currents by tissues. the resistance of tissues to the passing of these currents. biochemical changes within tissues caused by these currents. removal of the water contained in tissues by these currents.

the absorption of these currents by tissues.

Dosages for ultrasound are measured in: units. volts. ohms. watts/cm²

watts/cm² 13