Ch 9

Adenosine receptors are blocked by ________, which in turn promotes ________.

caffeine; wakefulness

A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be

experiencing night terrors.

An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure

eye movements.

Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that

facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity.

Insomnia is defined

in relation to a person's particular sleep needs.

You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is

in stage 3 of slow-wave sleep.

During slow-wave sleep, activation of the visual and auditory cortexes is ______________, whereas activation of the ________ and cerebellum is decreased.

increased; thalamus

Human narcolepsy

involves an absence of orexin in most people with narcolepsy.

A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the

locus coeruleus.

Seasonal rhythms are under the control of ________ secreted by cells within the ________.

melatonin; pineal gland

The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of

norepinephrine.

Hypocretin neurons are more active during ________ but are inactive during ________.

normal waking; sleep

The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that

people with narcolepsy generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.

Sleep deprivation in humans results in

perceptual distortions.

Research with transcranial direct current stimulation suggests that the _______________ is involved in lucid dreaming.

prefrontal cortex

Most of the serotonin neurons in the brain are located within the

raphe nuclei.

The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to

rest the brain.

John has periods during the night where he stops breathing, causing carbon dioxide levels in his blood to rise. Once the levels get too high, he wakes up, gasping for breath. John suffers from

sleep apnea.

The key feature of narcolepsy is

sleep attacks.

Another name for sleep stage 3 is ________ sleep.

slow-wave

Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in

some perceptual distortions.

Doris works a stressful job, has difficulty falling asleep, and she often wakes up early. After several weeks, she agrees to participate in a sleep study to determine whether she has insomnia. It is likely that the results of her sleep study show Doris

spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia.

Which animal below demonstrates REM sleep?

squirrels

The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.

REM sleep; impotence

Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory.

REM; nondeclarative

Damage to the rat's ________ would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to

SCN

Which of the following characterizes REM sleep?

The person experiences dreams.

During periods of wakefulness, brain waves oscillate between __________ and ____________ waves.

alpha; beta

If you stay awake for 3 days and then fall asleep, you will likely not sleep for the 24 hours of sleep that you missed. Instead, you might sleep 12 hours on the first night. Of the different stages of sleep, you are most likely to make up hours from stage _________.

3

About ________ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem, while ________ percent experiences this on occasion.

9; 25

Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 3 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?

A person who awakes from stage 3 is groggy and confused.

Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?

As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.

Deep sleep is characterized by ____________ waves.

Delta

(vlPOA)?

Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness.

________ during REM sleep may be controlled by projections from the dorsal pons to the ________.

Eye movements; tectum

As Darius is sleeping, his dog begins to bark. As a result, his brain emits several sudden sharp waveforms known as _____________.

K complexes

____________ refers to an awareness that the individual is dreaming and not asleep.

Lucid dreaming

Which of the following is true of melanopsin?

Melanopsin is found within ganglion cells.

A key symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder is

a lack of paralysis during REM sleep.

Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.

acetylcholine

The occurrence of sleep attacks in narcolepsy can be alleviated by drugs that

act as catecholamine agonists.

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________.

adenosine; slow-wave sleep

The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves.

beta

Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep.

cerebral cortex

The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by

changes in the electrical activity of the brain.

The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus

decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.

The "on" portion of the flip-flop mechanism for REM sleep is located within the

dorsal pons.

The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is

unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times.

Persons suffering from fatal familial insomnia resemble sleep-deprived rats in terms of

weight loss.

For animals that are seasonal breeders, they will experience anti-gonadal function during ____________ due to ____________ melatonin levels.

winter; increased