Ch. 9 assessment

Which of the following most accurately describes a difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation?

Parasympathetic is not typically activated as a whole.

Which of the following organs receives dual innervation of the ANS?

heart

Stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors will generally result in contraction of smooth muscle, leading to dilation.

false

The adrenal cortex produces the hormone epinephrine and to a lesser degree, norepinephrine.

false

The adrenal medulla is innervated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

false

The adrenal medulla secretes more norepinephrine than epinephrine

false

The axons that extend from the autonomic ganglion to the effector organs are called __________.

postganglionic

Atropine will block _____

ACh muscarinic receptors

Which of the following is true of autonomic innervation of effectors?

ANS stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory.

Which of the following is responsible for cholinergic transmission?

Acetylcholine

What causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open on the postsynaptic membrane?

Acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the channel

What would increase the frequency of action potentials at the postsynaptic membrane?

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition (nerve gas)

What was necessary in order to have acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft?

An action potential in the presynpatic membrane

Which of the following is an adrenergic effect?

An increase in heart rate

Which of the following most accurately describes how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems differ?

Both origin of preganglionic fibers and location of ganglia differ between the divisions.

Severance or severe damage to the highlighted structure below could cause which of the following effects?

Delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis)

If autonomic motor neurons are severed, which of the following would occur?

Denervation hypersensitivity

What hypothetical drug would decrease the likelihood of reaching threshold if all other factors were to be held constant?

Drug A: An ACh inhibitor

What would occur if the ACh receptors are increased in number across the postsynaptic membrane?

Enhanced sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane

. What causes the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles?

Influx of calcium ions

Which drug would have an effect at this location?

Nicotine

Which of the following drugs would have an effect on the division of the nervous system displayed?

Nicotine

What can be found at each of the structures highlighted in the image below?

Nicotinic receptors

Which of the following neurotransmitters must be present in a pharmaceutical drug intended to increase blood flow to a particular organ?

Nitric oxide (NO)

Increased activity seen in this structure would be associated with which of the following effects?

Postganglionic adrenergic receptor stimulation

All of the following locations could be demonstrated in the animation except ____

Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system

Which set of effects would be seen with increased activity of the autonomic division displayed?

Salivation, bronchoconstriction, urethral sphincter relaxation

Most preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter __________, while most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system release______

acetylcholine; norepinephrine

What would occur if the ACh receptors are damaged or destroyed?

all of the choices

Which of the following types of muscle tissue can contract in the absence of nerve stimulation?

both cardiac and smooth ms are correct

The ability for the sympathetic nervous system to activate many effector organs simultaneously is due to __________.

mass activation

The higher brain center responsible for regulating cardiopulmonary and reproductive systems through autonomic control is the ___

medulla oblongata

Which of the following is a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

secretion of tears

The two major categories of motor neurons include __________.

somatic and autonomic

Another name for the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is __________.

thoracolumbar

Autonomic pathways utilize two neurons from the CNS to the effector, while somatic pathways utilize one neuron from the CNS to the effector.

true

Most parasympathetic fibers do not travel within spinal nerves as do the sympathetic fibers.

true

Sympathetic and parasympathetic axons often innervate the same target cells.

true

The sympathoadrenal system triggers simultaneous mass activation of the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic system.

true

Whenever the sympathetic division is stimulated, the adrenal medulla is sometimes also stimulated in order to prolong and enhance the sympathetic response.

true

The cranial nerve responsible for the majority of visceral innervation is the __________ nerve.

vagus