Ch 9 post-test

Late maturing boys are ________. less likely to participate in high school athletics at a higher risk of depression less likely to experience conflict with parents more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

at a higher risk of depression

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy? two five four three

four

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. zygote teratogen contaminant mutagen

teratogen

Which of the following illustrates conservation? Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels.

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. regressive progressive continuous discontinuous

discontinuous

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes? racism achievement gap attrition Bell curve

achievement gap

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? disorganized resistant avoidant secure

disorganized

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? trust vs. mistrust autonomy vs. shame/guilt intimacy vs. isolation industry vs. inferiority

intimacy vs. isolation

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. mental physical psychosocial psychological

psychosocial

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores. The acronym "FASD" should be changed to the word "teratogens." the word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average." The phrase "higher rates of ADHD" should be removed. The word "learning" should be changed to the word "socioemotional."

the word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. zygote placenta protean embryo

zygote

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true? American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. accommodation assimilation inclusion exclusion

accommodation

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. acquisition accommodation assimilation attainment

assimilation

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. cognitive emotional artistic psychosocial

cognitive

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? integrity vs. despair intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation trust vs. mistrust

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? cognitive capacity environment and culture language acquisition genes and biology

genes and biology

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? moral reasoning stranger anxiety pretend play conservation

moral reasoning

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. case studies naturalistic observation experiments surveys

naturalistic observation

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? language development pretend play egocentrism object permanence

object permanence

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________. what goes up must come down hidden objects are still there a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt others have false beliefs

others have false beliefs

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. preoperational sensorimotor concrete operational formal operational

preoperational

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? resistant disorganized secure avoidant

secure

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. concrete operational sensorimotor preoperational formal operational

sensorimotor

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. related to language acquisition dramatic culturally specific universal

universal

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? Jean Piaget Erik Erikson Lawrence Kohlberg Abraham Maslow

Erik Erikson

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? environment and culture sexual preference biology genetics

environment and culture

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. hand fine manipulative gross

fine

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? Children begin to use language. Children employ memory strategies. Children have a firm grasp of numbers. Children think logically about real events.

Children begin to use language.

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? authoritative disorganized permissive authoritarian

authoritative

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? trust vs. mistrust initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority autonomy vs. shame/doubt

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood? developing a positive sense of self developing a secure attachment to a caregiver controlling the id confirming one's sexual orientation

developing a positive sense of self

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. progressive regressive discontinuous continuous

discontinuous

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? conventional pre-conventional formal operational post-conventional

conventional

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Sigmund Freud

Lawrence Kohlberg

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. during early childhood in late adolescence during puberty in utero

during early childhood

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? trust vs. mistrust identity vs. confusion autonomy vs. shame/guilt industry vs. inferiority

industry vs. inferiority

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________. stranger anxiety egocentrism preoperational stage Moro reflex

Moro reflex

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy quiet, shy, humble creative, moody, and flexible disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. concrete operational formal operational sensorimotor preoperational

concrete operational

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage? language acquisition object permanence stranger anxiety conservation

conservation

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. formal operational sensorimotor concrete operational preoperational

formal operational

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy? two five three four

four

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? trust vs. mistrust isolation vs. intimacy generativity vs. stagnation identity vs. confusion

identity vs. confusion

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritarian Freudian permissive authoritative

permissive

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. formal operational postformal sensorimotor concrete operational

postformal

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? formal operational concrete operational preoperational sensorimotor

preoperational

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? identity vs. confusion industry vs. inferiority autonomy vs. shame/doubt trust vs. mistrust

trust vs. mistrust

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________. lexicon race childhood wordlist thesaurus acquisition vocabulary spurt

vocabulary spurt