ch 9: socioemotional development in early childhood
between _ and _ months, toddlers show increasingly __ responses to others' emotional and physical distress, but their responses are limited to their own perspective
18, 24, prosocial
children show gender stereotypes as early as age _
2
gender identity occurs at about age
2
Which is the ability to understand another person's feelings?
Empathy
the ability to understand someone's feelings
empathy
research studies using the violation-of-expectation method have found that infants as young as __ months may possess simple conceptions of prosocial behavior
3
_ to _ year old children tend to understand and describe themselves concretely, using observable descriptors
3, 4
by _ to _ years of age, children recognize and name ____ based on their expressive cues
3, 4, emotions
by age _, children can explain simple strategies for reducing emotional arousal
4
between the ages _ and _, children's self evaluations become linked with their __
4, 7, performance
Which parenting style tends to use reasoning or inductive discipline strategies with children?
Authoritative
Which refers to an awareness of being a boy or a girl?
Gender identity
Which refers to a successful resolution of Erikson's third psychosocial stage?
Initiative
Which theorist stressed the importance of play in both cognitive and emotional development?
Piaget
Which refers to a description of one's self in attributes and abilities with emerging internal characteristics?
Self-concept
Which refers to the most advanced type of play for children?
Sociodramatic play
Which refers to a reason given to explain preschoolers' ability to keep a positive view of themselves?
They do not engage in social comparison.
children's prosocial behavior emerges out of prosocial activity with __, and parental encouragement promotes its development
adults
Which refers to behavior that is intended to harm another?
aggression
behavior that harms or violates the rights of others
aggressive behavior
Which refers to a parenting style that relies on behavioral control and obedience?
authoritarian
children raised by ____ parents tend to be withdrawn, mistrustful, anxious, and angry
authoritarian
an approach to childrearing that emphasizes high behavioral control and low levels of warmth and autonomy granting *behavioral control and obedience over warmth*
authoritarian parenting style
children of ___ parents display confidence, higher self-esteem, social skills, curiosity, and high academic achievement
authoritative
the most positive developmental outcomes are associated with ___ parenting style
authoritative
an approach to childrearing in which parents are warm and sensitive to children's needs, grant appropriate autonomy, and exert firm control
authoritative parenting style
"Describes gender role development in evolutionary and biological terms. Males adapted to become more aggressive and competitive and females more nurturing as it ensured that their genes were passed to the next generation. Gender differences may also be explained by subtle differences in brain structure as well as differences in hormones."
biological
prosocial behavior is influenced by
biology and genes, family contexts, the larger social context, and the development of reasoning skills
young children who show high levels of aggression are more likely to have experienced
coercive parenting, family dysfunction, and low income
advances in emotion regulation are influenced by
cognition, executive function, theory of mind, and language development
"The emergence of gender identity leads children to classify the world around them according to gender labels, and they begin to show more interest in gender-appropriate toys. Children show an increase in stereotype knowledge, evaluate their own gender more positively, and demonstrate rigidity of gender-related beliefs. Gender constancy furthers gender typing as children attend more to norms of their sex. According to gender schema theory, once children can label their sex, their gender schema forms and becomes an organizing principle. Children notice differences between males and females in preferred clothes, toys, and activities, as well as how their culture classifies males and females as different and encompassing different roles. Children then use their gender schemas as guides for their behavior and attitudes, and gender typing occurs."
cognitive
"explanations rely on social learning and the influence of the sociocultural context in which children are raised. Males and females have different social experiences from birth. Gender typing occurs through socialization, through a child's interpretation of the world around him or her, and modeling and reinforcement from parents, peers, and teachers."
contextual
A researcher focusing on the methods that are used to instruct children would be interested in ______.
discipline
the methods a parents uses to teach and socialize children toward acceptable behavior
discipline
by age 5, most children understand that desire can motivate ___ and many understand people's emotional reactions to an event can vary based on their desires
emotion
parents who are responsive when children are distressed, who frame experiences for children, and who explain expectations and strategies for emotional management both model and foster
emotion regulation
a secure attachment to a caregiver help children develop __ and __ necessary for developing empathy
emotional understanding, regulation skills
dismissive or hostile reactions to children's emotions prevent them from learning how to manage and not be overwhelmed by their
emotions
____ stems from the perspective-taking ability that emerges with theory of mind
empathy
kindness, creativity, gentleness, and cooperation key to the characteristics of the feminine gender role
expressive traits
by age 4, children begin to understand that ____ ____ can affect emotion and can predict a peer's emotion and behavior
external factors
Children know that no matter what toy they play with, they remain the same gender. This refers to their understanding of ______.
gender constancy
children's understanding that gender does not change
gender constancy
awareness of oneself as a male or female
gender identity
Which refers to societal expectations for behavior attributed to females and males?
gender role norms
the activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics that are considered appropriate for males or females
gender role norms
a concept or mental structure that organizes gender-related information and embodies their understanding of what it means to be a male or female
gender schema
the understanding that gender generally does not change over time; however, superficial changes in appearance might bring a change in gender
gender stability
broad generalized judgements of the activities, attitudes, skills, and characteristics deemed appropriate for males or females in a given culture
gender stereotypes
the process in which young children acquire the characteristics and attitudes that are considered appropriate for males or females
gender typing
the process of acquiring gender roles
gender typing
____ factors are thought to contribute to individual differences in prosocial behavior
genetic
parenting style: authoritative warmth: control:
high firm and consistent
parenting style: permissive warmth: control:
high low
gene implicated in prosocial tendencies that is associated with attachment and other socioemotional behaviors
hormone oxytocin
parents who use ___ discipline model effective conflict resolution and help children to become aware of the consequences of their actions
inductive
children who develop a sense of ___ demonstrate independence and act purposefully
initiative
Erikson's third psychosocial stage in which young children develop a sense of purposefulness, try new skills and activities, and take pride in their accomplishments, as well as feel guilty if they are unsuccessful
initiative vs guilt
aggression used to achieve a goal
instrumental aggression
the most common form of aggression seen in infancy and early childhood
instrumental aggression
at 3 1/2 years of age, children show more complex forms of
instrumental assistance
tangible help
instrumental assistance
traits such as dominance and acting on the world to fulfill the role of provider and protector that are characteristic of the masculine gender role
instrumental traits
children's conceptions of themselves are influenced by their _______ and the _______ in which they are raised
interactions with parents, cultural context
___ theory can account for the effect of parents' discipline strategies on children's behavior
learning
parenting style: authoritarian warmth: control:
low emphasize control and punishment without explanation
parenting style: indifferent warmth: control:
low low
enduring sets of childrearing behaviors a parents uses across situations to form a childrearing climate
parenting stye
early childhood prosocial behavior is associated with positive
peer relationships, mental health, and social competence
preschoolers raised by ____ parents tend to be more socioemotionally immature and show little self-control and self-regulatory capacity
permissive
a childrearing approach characterized by high levels of warmth and low levels of control or discipline
permissive parenting style
play contributes to
physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development
according to Piaget, an important way in which children contribute to their own knowledge by actively exploring the world around them
play
much of children's development in the third psychosocial stage initiative versus guilt occurs through
play
young children tend to evaluate themselves
positively
A child who gets a band-aid for another who has skinned her knee is exhibiting ______.
prosocial behavior
actions that are oriented toward others for the pure sake of helping, without a reward
prosocial behavior
children who feel empathy for another person often are primed to engage in
prosocial behavior
A child who internalizes good behavior because his mother praises him when he exhibits it is demonstrating ______.
reinforcement for good behavior
A child who uses blocks to stand in for animals in his game is demonstrating ______.
representational play
make-believe play in which children pretend that one object is something else
representational play
A researcher focusing on physical games and gross motor skills in play is interested in understanding ______.
rough-and-tumble play
social interaction involving chasing and play fighting with no intent to harm
rough-and-tumble play
the set of attributes, abilities, and characteristics that a person uses to describe and define himself or herself
self-concept
___ emotions, such as guilt and pride, influence prosocial behavior
self-conscious
____ emotions emerge as children become aware of rules and standards that define socially appropriate behavior and that others have expectations for their behavior
self-conscious
theory of mind influences the development and expression of
self-conscious emotions
A scientist focusing on preschoolers' unrealistically positive view of themselves and their abilities would be interested in studying ______.
self-esteem
the emotional evaluation of one's own worth
self-esteem
4 and 5 years believe in an obligation to
share
between ages 3 and 5, children show selectivity in
sharing
young children maintain their positive views about themselves because they do not yet engage in
social comparison
make-believe play in which children act out roles and themes
sociodramatic play
the largest sex difference is in
socioemotional functioning
a child's inborn __ influences how the child regulates emotion and in turn whether empathetic feelings result in personal distress or prosocial behavior
temperament
gender schemas influence memory, children tend to recall information that is consistent with
their gender schema
a childrearing style characterized by low levels of warmth and acceptance coupled with little control or discipline
uninvolved parenting style
from ages 4-5 children develop self-control to resist aggressive impulses, but ___ aggression becomes more frequent
verbal
A child says "You have a big, funny-looking nose" is demonstrating ______.
verbal aggression
a form of relational aggression intended to harm others' social relationships
verbal aggression
