CH 9 Speech

speaking notes

A brief outline used when a speech is delivered

preparation outline

A detailed outline that includes main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material and that may also include a speech's specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, signposts, and conclusion

nonverbal transition

A facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next

summary

A recap of what has been said

internal summary

A restatement in the body of a speech of the ideas that have been developed so far

final summary

A restatement of the main ideas of a speech, occurring near the end of the speech

internal preview

A statement in the body of speech that introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses

initial preview

A statement in the introduction of a speech of what the main ideas of the speech will be

preview

A statement of what is to come

transition

A verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker has finished discussing one idea and is moving to another

verbal transition

A word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas

recency

Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the least to the most important

Primacy

Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the most to the least important

complexity

Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the simplest to the more complex

signposts

Cues about the relationships between a speaker's ideas

hard evidence

Factual examples and statistics

This verbal transitional phrase has the potential to backfire because it can signal to the audience it's time to stop listening.

Finally

standard outline form

Numbered and lettered headings and subheadings arranged hierarchically to indicate the relationships among the various parts of a speech

spatial organization

Organization according to location or direction

chronological organization

Organization by time or sequence

Topical organization

Organization of the natural divisions in a central idea on the basis of recency, primacy, complexity, or the speaker's preference

problem-solution organization

Organization that focuses on a problem and various solutions or a solution and the problems it would solve

cause and effect organization

Organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects

soft evidence

Supporting material based on opinion or inference; includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions.

mapping

Use of geometric shapes to sketch how all the main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material of a speech relate to the central idea and to one another

Natalie is going to use her presentation to tell her audience that the pollution coming from the local factory is posioning the air and at least 20 people have become ill. She continues by saying the sales in the area are starting to diminish. What type of organizational pattern does this demonstrate?

cause and effect

Demonstrations that are based on how to do something such as change a tire, should be using the ____ pattern.

chronological

Jane's speech on French cooking begins with how to create simple souffle and moves on to describe more difficult dishes. What principle did she apply to her organizational pattern?

complexity

Hillary wrote "take a pause" and "walk to the right" on her speaking notes to remind her to do those things during her speech. These directions on speaking notes are called ....

delivery cues

A speaker would use the mapping technique when they are ....

developing the outline

Which part of a speech restates the main ideas of the speech and gives the audience their last exposure to those ideas?

final summary

How should speaking notes be prepared to make it easy for the speaker to find his/her place in the speech?

in standard outline form

The _____ preview is usually in conjunction with the central idea within the intro of the speech.

initial

The job of the _____ preview is to introduce and outline ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses.

internal

If the speaker says "lets review for a moment"; the speaker is going to include ____ in the speech.

internal summary

Where should the specific purpose be placed when organizing a preparation outline?

just before the outline

problem-solution organizational patterns are best suited for _____ speeches.

persuasive

Rather than write out a speech word for word before delivery, most speakers develop a detailed ______ outline of the central idea, main ideas and supporting material.

preparation

According to the principle of _____ a speaker should discuss her/his most important points first.

primacy

Hannah decided it would be best to start her speech with the most powerful statistics she had and then use her less impressive statistics later in the presentation. She is making her decision on where to place her supporting material based on the concept of....

primacy

Another term for transition is

signpost

Transitions, previews and summaries are all examples of

signposts

Hypothetical illustrations and analogies are both examples of _____ that can be used as supporting material

soft evidence

Robert decided to compact his statistics for his presentation, so he started with broad statistics and progressed to precise statistics. What principle is he using?

specificity

Lilly's presentation focuses on the factors to consider when purchasing a laptop. Since this topic has natural divisions, she can use a ____ organization pattern.

topical

Which organizational patter is based on the principles of primacy, recency and complexity ?

topical