Ch.1 Introduction to Motivation and Emotion

5. How is motivation reflected in thinking and behavior?

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2. What is the difference between motives, incentives, and goals?

A motive is an internal disposition that pushes an individual toward some desired end, which is the goal. An incentive is a valued feature of the environment that pulls an individual toward it.Goals are the specific ends.

4. Are there different sources of motivation?

Although motives and incentives are the causes of behavior, psychological energy or physical energy are necessary to power behavior or thought.In addition, knowledge and competence are also necessary if behavior is to occur.

6. What is emotion? How does it motivate behavior?

Emotions push an individual along multiple channels(affect, physiology, behavior) in order to adapt to the enviroment.

7. How is research conducted in motivation and emotion?

Feasibility and research ethics determine whether a phenomenon is studied using an experimental or correlational method. Moderately intense motives and emotions can be studied in the laboratory. Very intense motives and emotions are less feasible and are less ethical to create in a laboratory. Instead they are studied in actual situations using correlational research methods. --The study of motivation involves the study of biological variables(what the body and brain contribute).The study of pychological variables involves examining how mental processes contribute to motivation. Environmental variables are examined to determine how material incentives and their mental representations motivate individuals.

3. Does motivation consist of anticipating future events, behaviors, and feelings?

The physical features of the goal, consummatory behavior with the goal object, or accompanying subjective feelings all contribute to motivation. As a journey, motivation means that an individual tries to reach or achieve various features of an end-state or goal. These can be visualized cognitively as objects, experienced as anticipatory behaviors, or felt as affect. --Cognitive motivation involves visualizing an end-state or goal as concrete objects, such as food or people. --The anticipatory response mechanism is an imaginary consummatory response that serves as a sign of an individual's expectations about the interaction with the goal object. --Affective forecasting refers to either the positive or negative feelings that occur in expectation of goal achievement. These predicted feelings promote behavior toward or away from the goal.

1. What is the definition of Motivation?

To be motivated means to be induced or moved into action or thought by either the push of a motive or the pull of an incentive.