ch.10 psych-leadership

What was developed to measure leadership behaviors, including athletes preferences for specific behaviors, athletes perception of their coaches behavior, and coaches perception of their own behavior?

Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS)

______ behaviors are responses to a specific player behavior, as when a coach instructs after an error

Reactive

______ behaviors are initiated by the coach, like yelling encouragement as players get on field?

Spontaneous

Antecedents of leadership:

age & maturity, gender, nationality, sport type, psychological characteristics

Appointed or prescribed leaders

appointed by some authority to a leadership position (health club manager, coach, head athletic trainer)

Traditional sport practices emphasize ______ behaviors as one reaches college

autocratic

Most coaches prefer what decision making styles?

autocratic & consultive group decision

5 primary styles of decision making used in sports:

autocratic, autocratic consultive, consultive individual, consultive group, group style

Cognitive-Mediational Model:

coach leadership behaviors are a function of their own personal characteristics which are mediated by situational factors & the meaning athletes attribute to those coaching behaviors

To objectively asses the actual behavior of coaches in natural field settings, what was developed?

coaching behavior assessment system

Sport specific interactional approaches:

cognitive mediational model & multidimensional model

Using the leader behavior questionnaire it was found what most (nonsport) leaders do falls into 2 categories:

consideration & initiating structure

3 roles of leaders:

-ensure demands of organization are satisfied to meet goals & objectives -help facilitate group member motivation -ensure needs of group members are satisfied

Defensive players preferred greater amounts of what 3 behaviors than did offensive players?

democratic, autocratic & social support

Choice of most effective decision style?

depends on coach & particular situation

Relationship oriented leader focuses on ? analogous to?

developing & maintaining good interpersonal relationships, communication, positive; consideration function

4 components of leadership development through sport:

development of high skill, strong work ethic, good rapport w people, enriched tactical knowledge

A leader is concerned with :

direction of an organization, goals, objectives, visions

Consideration refers to

friendship, mutual trust, respect & warmth bw leader & subordinates

Servant leaders focus on?

growth & development of followers than the organization itself

Successful leaders tend to score ____ on both initiating structure & consideration

high

4 components of transformational leadership:

idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation & individualized consideration

Emergent leaders

individuals who emerge from a group & take charge from a group & take charge (captain of intramural team, student leader of exercise class)

Multidimensional models of sport leadership:

leaders effectiveness in sport will vary depending on athlete characteristics & constraints of situation

4 components of effective leadership:

leaders qualities, leadership styles, followers qualities, situational factors

Contingency model of leadership says the effectiveness of leadership depends equally on ?

leaders style of interacting w group & favorableness of situation

situational approach

leadership is much more dependent on characteristics of the situation than on the traits & behaviors

Unlike trait theory, behavioral approach argues that leaders are?

made by learning effective leader behaviors, not born with it

The effectiveness of an individuals leadership style stems from?

matching the style to the situation

Players demonstrate greater self-esteem at the end of a season when they played for coaches who frequently use what ?

mistake-contingent encouragement & reinforcement

Relationship oriented leaders are effective in what situations?

moderate favorable situations

Another interactional model developed specifically for sport or physical activity is the what?

multidimensional model of sport leadership

Multidimensional model of sport leadership key prediction:

optimal performance & satisfaction achieved when a leaders required, preferred, & actual behaviors are consistent

Interactional approach:

personal & situational factors need to be considered in order to understand effective leadership

From a behavioral perspective, the key to providing effective sport leadership is to focus on the

positive providing clear feedback & technical instruction

General categories of coaching behavior observed from assessment system?

positive reinforcement, general technical instruction, general encouragement

Leadership is

process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

Transactional leadership focuses on?

reinforcing & punishing followers relative to team tasks & monitoring follower performance

Two leadership styles & how they might change to fit a situation:

relationship oriented & task oriented

Highly skilled players are already task oriented and do best with what type of coach?

relationship-oriented

4 consequences of leadership:

satisfaction, cohesion, performance, intrinsic motivation

A manager takes care of things like:

scheduling, budgeting, staffing, recruiting, & organizing

Task oriented leaders focus on? analogous to?

setting goals & getting job done; initiating structure function

Initiating structure refers to

setting up rules/regulations, channels of communication, procedural methods & well defined patterns of organization to achieve goals

The appropriate coaching style depends most on?

situational factors & member characteristics

Situational approach isnt widely endorse, but its important in facilitating our understanding of leadership bc it showed what?

situational features have major influence on leader success

Antecedents of coaches expectancies, values, beliefs, & behaviors:

sociocultural context, organizational climate, personal characteristics

A physical ed teach in a school that lacks facilities, leadership, & community support would be what oriented & why?

task oriented bc unfavorable situation

Less skilled players would do best with what type of coach?

task-oriented

Coach Wooden focused on his coaching on what?

telling players what to do & how to do it, thru short demonstrations that model correct behaviors

Transformational leadership occurs when ?

the leader takes a visionary position & inspires people to follow vision & supportively work with each other to excel

Praise & encouragement accounts for what % of coaching behaviors?

13%

Hustle accounts for what % of coaching behaviors?

16%

Athletes believed that approximately what % of teammates served as peer leaders?

25%

Instruction accounts for what % of coaching behaviors?

55%

5 dimensions of leadership scale for sports?

training, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, positive feedback

1st leadership approach to dominant literature?

trait

4 approaches to studying leadership:

trait, behavioral, situational, interactional

Sport specific general leadership models:

transformational & servent leadership

Leadership styles can be changed (t/f)

true

Task oriented leaders are effective in what situation ?

very favorable & unfavorable situations

Trait approach key question: result:

what characteristics are common in great leaders? -leaders have a variety of personality characteristics; no specific make all leaders successful