ch.11 continue drrrugss

The diagnostic criteria for nicotine withdrawal include

(1) the daily use of nicotine for at least several weeks, and (2) the presence of the following symptoms after nicotine ingestion is stopped or reduced: craving for nicotine; irritability, frustration, or anger; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; decreased heart rate; and increased appetite or weight gain.

cocain

- plant product ; stimulating (increases nervous system-pain reducing ) -sniffing, swallowing, or injecting -primary effect by blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter (whose job it is to retrieve excess dopamine from the synapse), thus increasing the availability of dopamine in the synapse and increasing the activation of the receiving cells. -4-6 hrs -extreme happiness and energy, mental alertness, sensitivity to sight, sound, and touch, irritability, paranoia, higher body temperature, restlessness, decreased apetite

caffiene

-Activates brain, alerts -problems can result from excessive caffeine intake. -caffeine-related disorder involves symptoms of restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, muscle twitching, and gastrointestinal complaints. It follows the ingestion of caffeine-containing substances such as coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate. The amount of caffeine that results in intoxication differs among individuals.

though these substances are legal, they can create important physical and mental health problems in our society for several reasons:

-These drugs are easy to abuse. most people are exposed to them early in life. - readily available to anyone who wants to use them; in fact, because of peer pressure, it is usually difficult to avoid using them in our society. - caffeine and nicotine have clearly addictive properties; use of them promotes further use, until one craves a regular "fix" in one's daily life. -It is difficult to quit using these drugs both because of their addictive properties and because they are so embedded in the social context. (Nicotine use, however, is falling out of favor in many settings.) -The extreme difficulty most people have in dealing with the withdrawal symptoms when trying to "break the habit" often produces considerable frustration. -One in seven deaths in the United States is associated with cigarette consumption.

Nicotine

-a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco -found in cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and cigars

dopamine theory of addiction

-all addictive drugs (e.g., alcohol, opiates, cocaine) and behaviors (e.g., gambling) activate the dopamine reward pathway, thus causing pleasure and increasing the likelihood of drug use and engagement in addictive behavior. -theory suggesting that addiction is the result of a dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway

Strong evidence exists for a nicotine-dependence syndrome, which nearly always begins during the adolescent years and may continue into adult life as a difficult-to-break and health-endangering habit. Supporting the finding that nicotine may have an ______property, nicotine use has been observed as being highly prevalent among those with _____disorders

-antianxiety; anxiety (Alert, concentrated, relaxed)

contingency management

A form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences. -operant conditioning and offers rewards or financial incentives for meeting agreed-on treatment targets -CM has been shown to be slightly more effective than CBT for cocaine dependence

________ promises to be as effective a substitute for heroin as methadone but with fewer side effects

Buprenorphine -Yet the drug does not produce the physical dependence that is characteristic of heroin -appears to work best at maintaining abstinence if it is provided along with behavior therapy

opiates slow down the

CNS -more ovedose deaths from opioid analgesics than any other illegal drugs -5x increase in opiate addicts to substance abuse

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch

Among the immediate effects of mainlined or snorted heroin is an intense feeling of euphoria (the rush) lasting 60 seconds or so, which many addicts compare to a sexual orgasm. However, vomiting and nausea have also been known to be part of the immediate effects of heroin and morphine use. This rush is followed by a high, during which an addict typically is in a lethargic, withdrawn state in which bodily needs, including needs for food and sex, are markedly diminished; pleasant feelings of relaxation and euphoria tend to dominate. These effects last from 4 to 6 hours and are followed—in addicts—by a negative phase that produces a desire for more of the drug.

Withdrawal from heroin, is not always dangerous or even very painful. Many addicted people withdraw without assistance. Withdrawal can, however, be an agonizing experience for some people, with symptoms including runny nose, tearing eyes, perspiration, restlessness, increased respiration rate, and an intensified desire for the drug. As time passes, the symptoms may become more sever, Typically, a feeling of chilliness alternates with flushing and excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, pains in the back and extremities, severe headache, marked tremors, and varying degrees of insomnia. Beset by these discomforts, an individual refuses food and water, and this, coupled with the vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea, results in dehydration and weight loss. Occasionally, symptoms include delirium, hallucinations, and manic activity. Cardiovascular collapse may also occur and can result in death. If morphine is administered, the subjective distress experienced by an addict temporarily ends and physiological balance is quickly restored

Marijuana

a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally mild hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive -comes from the leaves and flowering tops of the hemp plant -most commonly used "illegal" drug in US - 5 million smoke daily -1.7% prevalance rate for cannibis use disorder

Methamphetamine or "crystal meth" or "ice"

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels -immediate, long lasting "high" -most dangerous illegal drug -cheap to make -increasing the level of dopamine in the brain, but it is metabolized more slowly than other drugs, such as cocaine, and produces a high for a longer period of time.

After taking LSD, a person typically goes through

about 8 hours of changes in sensory perception, mood swings, and feelings of depersonalization and detachment -not always pleasant, can be extremely traumatic - distorted objects and sounds, the illusory colors, and the new thoughts can be menacing and terrifying.

reward deficiency syndrome

addiction is much more likely to occur in individuals that may not be able to derive much reward from everyday events and so resort to excesses such as drug use.

arbiturates are often used with ____. Some users claim they can achieve an intense high by combining barbiturates, amphetamines, and alcohol.

alcohol -However, one possible effect of combining barbiturates and alcohol is death because each drug potentiates (increases the action of) the other.

Flashback

an involuntary recurrence of perceptual distortions or hallucinations weeks or even months after an individual has taken the drug(rare)

A patient going through barbiturate withdrawal becomes

anxious and apprehensive and manifests coarse tremors of the hands and face; additional symptoms commonly include insomnia (no sleep), weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and loss of weight. An acute delirious psychosis may develop.

amphetamine psychosis

appears similar to paranoid schizophrenia. Suicide, homicide, assault, and various other acts of violence are also associated with amphetamine abuse.

behavioral and cognititve behavioral therapy

aversive conditioning, skills training, self control

For over a hundred years, powerful sedatives called______ have been available as an aid to falling asleep

barbiturates -extremely dangerous/addictive/overdose

casual factors in substance abuse and dependence

biological, psychosocial and sociocultural

DSM-5 includes addictions to two legally available and widely used substances

caffeine and nicotine

Which of the following forms of psychological treatment has demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of cocaine abusers?

cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management

The most extensive treatment approach used with pathological gamblers is

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes -Initially these preparations were considered to be "wonder pills" that helped people stay alert and awake and function temporarily at a level beyond normal; widely prescribed by doctors- today occasionally used medically to help lose weight (Decreased appetite), help with narcolepsy (constant falling asleep), calming affect on ADHD

__________ is considered both a hallucinogen and a stimulant.

ecstasy

The brain and pituitary gland produce __________, an opium-like substance.

endorphins

When the drug wears off or when users "come down from the high," they are likely to feel

extremely weak, lethargic, sleepy, and depressed.

Abraham and Wolf (1988) compared subjects who had used LSD 2 years earlier with a matched group of control subjects. Compared to the controls, the subjects with the history of LSD use __________.

had reduced visual sensitivity to light during dark adaptation and showed other visual problems

environmental intervention

halfway houses

mescaline

hallucinate drug derived from peyote cactus

Marijuana is related to a stronger drug,

hashish

Amphetamines (am-phen-amine) are psychologically and physically addictive, and the body rapidly builds up tolerance to them

heightened blood pressure, enlarged pupils, unclear or rapid speech, profuse sweating, tremors, excitability, loss of appetite, confusion, and sleeplessness. Injected in large quantities

The number of pathological gamblers in the United States has been __________.

increasing

Operant learning principles may explain why pathological gamblers, who may have experienced positive reinforcement with early wins, will continue to gamble in the face of loss. The gambling persistence may be sustained due to the influence of a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement.

intermittent

Compared with opiate withdrawal, barbiturate withdrawal __________.

is more dangerous, severe, and long-lasting

discontinuing the drug after the person has become habituated can result in problems with

learning, memory, and cognitive dysfunction, and severe mental health problems, such as paranoid thinking and hallucinations

jessa has been using __________ daily for several years which his psychologist thinks may be related to his recent experiences with extreme anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and other psychotic-like symptoms.

marijuana

concerns with marijuana?

memory and motor impairment -twice as likely to have a vehicle collision -decreased Blood flow to areas of brain association with memory formation -executive impairment, slowed reaction time, impaired coordination

A short-range effect associated with marijuana use is __________.

memory dysfunction and a slowing of information processing

The individuals who are most likely to develop barbiturate dependency are __________.

middle-aged and older adults

Opium and its derivatives

morphine (pain relief-analgesics), heroin, codeine (supressing cough)

Drugs such as __________ have been used as part of psychological therapy in treating cocaine dependence as these drugs reduce cravings and increase the likelihood of treatment compliance.

naltrexone and methadone

drugs such as ____and _____ have been used to reduce cocaine use

naltrexone and methadone -feelings of tension and depression that accompany absence of the drug have to be dealt with during the immediate withdrawal period. -CBT and CM treatment

psilocybin

natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms

endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

Use substance, stress goes away. More likely to use alcohol= negative reinforcement ---- tension reduction anxiolytic effect Use substance, increase stress= positive reinforcement tolerance is like a staircase( goes up @ top step you are using it to feel good(positive reinforcement) cross at halfway, - -> then they use more to keep the withdrawlsaway ( negative reinforcement)

nb

__________ may have an anti-anxiety property; its use has been noted to be highly prevalent among those with anxiety disorders.

nicotine

As the symptoms subside, the person resumes

normal eating and drinking and rapidly regains lost weight. After withdrawal symptoms have ceased, the individual's former tolerance for the drug is reduced; as a result, there is a risk that taking the former large dosage might result in overdose

Heroin plugs into

opiate receptors (taking the place of endorphins), but works much more quickly and intensely, producing the extreme euphoria previously described

pathological gambling

progressive disorder characterized by loss of control over gambling, preoccupation with gambling and obtaining money for gambling, and irrational gambling behavior in spite of adverse consequences -personality factors -comborbitity (co-occurs) with alcohol misuse /substance abuse -cultural factors -early trauma might contribute to the development of compulsive gambling -"beginners luck" --genetic factors

treatment of alcohol related disorders

project "MATCH" success rates motivational enhancement therapy success relapse prevention programs : attempt to maintain abstinence once the behavioral excesses have been checked

To reduce drug use over the long-term, treatment for heroin addiction should attempt to __________

reduce cravings for the drug

Methadone, buprenorphine are often used in conjunction with

rehabilltation program

-Shortly after taking a barbiturate, or "downer," an individual experiences a feeling of

relaxation in which tensions seem to disappear, followed by a physical and intellectual lassitude and a tendency toward drowsiness and sleep -Strong doses produce sleep almost immediately; -"silent abusers"

Treatment for opiate addiction is initially similar to that for alcohol use disorder in that it involves

restoring physical and psychological health and providing help through the withdrawal period.

Researchers note that some people have difficulty experiencing pleasure from naturally occurring rewards that, to most people, are satisfying. Consequently, these individuals are compelled to seek out additional sources of pleasure through activities such as drug use. This hypothesis is called the __________.

reward deficiency syndrome hypothesis

morphine and heroin are commonly introduced to the body by

smoking, snorting (inhailing the powder), eating, skin popping, or mainlining -skin popping is injecting the liquefied drug just beneath the skin, while mainlining is injecting the drug directly into the bloodstream

Typically, the life of a person addicted to opiates becomes increasingly centered on obtaining and using drugs

so the addiction usually leads to socially maladaptive behavior as the individual does whatever he or she can (e.g., lying, stealing) to maintain a supply of drugs ex: theft, prostitution

Drugs of abuse work by acting on different neural receptors in the brain. Receptor sites are found on

specific nerve cells into which given psychoactive drugs fit like keys into locks.

When people addicted to opiates do not get another dose of the drug within approximately 8 hours of their last dose, they

start to experience withdrawal symptoms

Prolonged use of methamphetamine causes

structural changes in the brain

Research has shown that pathological gambling often co-occurs with other disorders. Which of the following co-occurring types of disorders are associated with the most severe forms of pathological gambling?

substance-abuse disorders

Synthetic cannabinoids

substances that mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active plant-derived substance in marijuana -marijuana-like effects -much more likely than marijuana to have serious adverse side effects such as anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, heart palpitations, seizures, and psychosis-like effects

Which substance binds with CB1 receptors in the nervous system and can produce marijuana-like intoxication?

synthetic cannabinoids

During the past several years, drug developers have attempted to make and sell synthetic psychoactive substances that produce the same effects as naturally occurring drugs such as marijuana and cocaine, but do not contain the legally banned substances that are subject to prosecution

synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones

methadone

synthetic narcotic that is related to heroin and is equally addictive physiologically. Its usefulness in treatment lies in the fact that it satisfies an addict's craving for heroin without producing serious psychological impairment, -reduce drug use and improves performance

active chemical is

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -has increased in strength over past 25 years -mild euphoria, heightened awareness, relaxation, well being, analgesia, increased apetite, increased hr/bp , hallucinations/paranoia

Which of the following can help explain the quadrupling of opioid-related overdose deaths between 1999 to 2010?

the amount of opioids sold to doctors and hospitals quadrupled over the same period.

A change in the DSM-5 criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has resulted in expanding the population of patients who can receive this diagnosis to now include adults, which may lead to a much greater use of stimulants by adults. Concern has been expressed that __________.

the expansion could lead to widespread misuse of stimulant drugs for performance enhancement and recreation use, adding to the already extensive problem of stimulant abuse

The specific effects of marijuana vary greatly, depending on

the quality and dosage of the drug, the personality and mood of the user, the user's past experiences with the drug, the social setting, and the user's expectations.

When abstaining from marijuana use, some users report having

uncomfortable withdrawal-like symptoms such as nervousness, tension, sleep problems, and appetite change

The most frequently cited reasons that people give for beginning to use heroin are because of its

very pleasurable "high" and because it is cheaper and often easier to obtain than other opioids -escape life stress -personal maladjustment -sociocultural conditions -sensation seeking

Sedatives

Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.

cocain blissfullness state may be followed by

-headache, dizziness, and restlessness -when cocaine is chronically abused, acute toxic psychotic symptoms may occur, including frightening visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations similar to those in acute schizophrenia.

morphine ---> could then be converted into heroin

-heroin relieves pain but more intense and more addictive than morphine -removed from medical practices because of its addictiveness

Although MDMA consumption produces euphoria and related positive states, it also comes with some very concerning negative effects

-increases the risk of hyperthermia -and the serotonin depletion that results from ecstasy consumption leads to feelings of depression, irritability, and anxiety in the days following administration in approximately 80 to 90 percent of users -In terms of long-term impacts, ecstasy consumption has been linked with various neurocognitive problems including difficulties with memory and a range of psychiatric concerns -Despite these concerns, college students and young adults have been increasingly using ecstasy as a party enhancement or "rave" drug at dances

, tobacco dependence can be successfully treated,

-nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) -bupropion (Zyban) drug ;preventing relapse for smokers trying to quit.

LSD

-odorless, colorless, and tasteless -can produce intoxication with an amount smaller than a grain of salt -ingested by letting the paper dissolve on the tongue

Ecstasy or MDMA

-produces extreme happiness -is both a hallucinogen and a stimulant that is popular as a party drug among young adults -intense experience of color and sound and mild hallucinations -high levels of energy and excitement that are produced. -addictive substance (but not as much as cocain)

For most users, pleasurable experiences, including

-sexual intercourse, are reportedly enhanced -when smoked, marijuana is rapidly absorbed, and its effects appear within seconds to minutes but seldom last more than 2 to 3 hours. Marijuana has also been used to relieve pain or nausea

opium

-substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived -mixture of about 18 chemical substances known as alkaloids (pain reliever without loss of consciousness) very addictive-forms of ex: morphine -The use of opiates over a period of time generally results in a physiological craving for the drug (feel physically ill when they do not take it, build up tolerance to feel physical effects)

Synthetic cathinones- sold under the name "bath salts,

-substances that mimic the effects of amphetamines and cocaine by activating the body's monoamine system -produce increased motor activity, agitation, violence, psychosis-like effects, and heart problems (

Many life problems experienced by cocaine abusers result in part from

-the considerable amounts of money that are required to support their habits. -Employment, family, psychological, and legal problems

euphoria distinguished by increased feelings of

-well-being, heightened perceptual acuity, and pleasant relaxation, often accompanied by a sensation of drifting or floating away, sensory inputs are intensified -Often a person's sense of time is stretched or distorted so that an event that lasts only a few seconds may seem to cover a much longer span -Short-term memory may also be affected, as when one notices that a bite has been taken out of a sandwich but does not remember having taken it.

Two other hallucinogens are

Mescaline and Psilocybin -Both drugs have mind-altering and hallucinogenic properties, but their principal effect appears to enable an individual to see, hear, and otherwise experience events in unaccustomed ways—transporting him or her into a realm of "nonordinary reality." As with LSD, no definite evidence shows that mescaline and psilocybin actually "expand consciousness" or create new ideas; rather, they mainly alter or distort experience.

Since the passage of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, amphetamines have been classified as a __________ drug, which means __________.

Schedule II; these drugs have a high abuse potential and require a prescription for each purchase

Excessive doses of barbiturates can be lethal because barbiturates __________.

paralyze the brain's respiratory centers

understanding addiction does not come down to pinpointing a specific, deficient gene, but in understanding how genetic, neural, and environmental factors interact to lead to addictive behavior

people differ in their vulnerability to addiction—some of us can have one drink and then stop, whereas others of us have a strong urge to keep drinking over and over again.

group therapy

person is forced to confront problem

long term effects of many substances of abuse

physiological craving for the drug, withdrawl symptoms, gradual deterioration of well being

Opiate drugs work by binding to opiate receptors in specific parts of the brain that are involved in the regulation of

pleasure, pain, and breathing

biological factors

powerful pleasure pathways in the brain, electrical/chemical stimulation, chronic use of psychoactive subtances results in alteration in reward centers that creats craving, dopamine receptors in the brain becomes less sensitive