Ch15.8-11

Cluster __ include those characterized by a personality style that is odd and eccentric.

A

_ refers to reduced speech output; in simple terms, patients do not say much. Another negative symptom is asociality, or social withdrawal and lack of interest in engaging in social interactions with others.

Alogia

_ is characterized by a lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity, including the most basic of tasks, such as bathing and grooming.

Avolition

Cluster _ includes personality disorders characterized chiefly by a personality style that is impulsive, dramatic, highly emotional, and erratic,

B

and those in Cluster _ are characterized by a nervous and fearful personality style.

C

Dissociative disorders listed in the_ include dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder.

DSM-5

Clifford falsely believes that the police have planted secret cameras in his home to monitor his every movement. Clifford's belief is an example of ________.

Delusions

_ are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence.

Delusions

"unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one's whole self or from aspects of the self

Depersonalization

_ might believe their thoughts and feelings are not their own; they may feel robotic as though they lack control over their movements and speech; they may experience a distorted sense of time and, in extreme cases, they may sense an "out-of-body" experience in which they see themselves from the vantage point of another person.

Depersonalization

_ disorder is characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both.

Depersonalization/derealization

A person who experiences _ might feel as though he is in a fog or a dream, or that the surrounding world is somehow artificial and unreal.

Derealization

is conceptualized as a sense of "unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, the world, be it individuals, inanimate objects, or all surroundings"

Derealization

engaging in repeated and purposeless movements, or displaying odd facial expressions and gestures.

Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

refers to unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors (giggling and self-absorbed smiling)

Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

"Fenway Park is in Boston. I live in Boston. Therefore, I live at Fenway Park."

Disorganized thinking

refers to disjointed and incoherent thought processes—usually detected by what a person says.

Disorganized thinking

__ are characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from her core sense of self. Memory and identity become disturbed; these disturbances have a psychological rather than physical cause.

Dissociative disorders

A person who exhibits diminished emotional expression shows no emotion in his facial expressions, speech, or movements, even when such expressions are normal or expected.

Negative symptoms

These disorders are sometimes confused because the word schizophrenia first coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, derives from Greek words that refer to a "splitting" (schizo) of psychic functions (phrene)

Schizophrenia

is considered a psychotic disorder, or one in which the person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is not able to function normally in life.

Schizophrenia

usually the disorder is first diagnosed during early adulthood (early to mid-20s)

Schizophrenia

The main symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or __, and negative symptoms

abnormal motor behavior

refers to an inability to experience pleasure. One who exhibits _a expresses little interest in what most people consider to be pleasurable activities, such as hobbies, recreation, or sexual activity.

anhedonia

This lack of regard is exhibited a number of ways and can include repeatedly performing illegal acts, lying to or conning others, impulsivity and recklessness, irritability and aggressiveness toward others, and failure to act in a responsible way

antisocial personality disorder

a person must be at least 18 years old to be diagnosed with __

antisocial personality disorder

__. The symptoms of this disorder were first described by Hans Hoffman in the 1920s. While taking care of his son while his wife was in the hospital giving birth to a second child, Hoffman noticed that the boy had trouble concentrating on his homework, had a short attention span, and had to repeatedly go over easy homework to learn the material

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

(a) deficits in social interaction, (b) deficits in communication, (c) repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.

autism spectrum disorder

Cluster C disorders include __, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (which is not the same thing as obsessive-compulsive disorder). People with these disorders often appear to be nervous and fearful.

avoidant personality disorder

They sometimes show intense and inappropriate anger that they have difficulty controlling, and they can be moody, sarcastic, bitter, and verbally abusive.

borderline personality disorder

a law school student may, despite having invested tens of thousands of dollars toward earning a law degree and despite having performed well in the program, consider dropping out and pursuing a career in another field. People with__ may be highly impulsive and may engage in reckless and self-destructive behaviors such as excessive gambling, spending money irresponsibly, substance abuse, engaging in unsafe sex, and reckless driving.

borderline personality disorder

which show decreased reactivity to the environment, such as posturing, in which the person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time, or catatonic stupor, a complete lack of movement and verbal behavior.

catatonic behaviors

Some individuals with dissociative amnesia will also experience __ (from the word "to flee" in French

dissociative fugue

Interest in the role of __ in schizophrenia was stimulated by two sets of findings: drugs that increase __ levels can produce schizophrenia-like symptoms, and medications that block __ activity reduce the symptoms

dopamine

The specific genes involved in ADHD are thought to include at least two that are important in the regulation of the neurotransmitter __

dopamine

The __ of schizophrenia proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia

dopamine hypothesis

Research has also suggested that a mother's __ during pregnancy may increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. One study reported that the risk of schizophrenia is elevated substantially in offspring whose mothers experienced the death of a relative during the first trimester of pregnancy

emotional stress

people are at an increased risk for developing schizophrenia if their mother was exposed to influenza during the _ of pregnancy

first trimester

those with ADHD appear to have smaller __volume, and they show less__ activation when performing mental tasks.

frontal lobe

The _ are important in a variety of complex cognitive functions, such as planning and executing behavior, attention, speech, movement, and problem solving.

frontal lobes

Considerable evidence shows that _____ play a central role in schizophrenia; however, adoption studies have highlighted the additional importance of environmental factors.

genetic factors

one's risk of developing schizophrenia increases as _ to family members diagnosed with schizophrenia increases

genetic relatedness

_, beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important.

grandiose delusions

the person who claims to be Jesus Christ, or who claims to have knowledge going back 5,000 years, or who claims to be a great philosopher is experiencing grandiose delusions. Other delusions include the belief that one's thoughts are being removed (thought withdrawal) or thoughts have been placed inside one's head

grandiose delusions

many people with schizophrenia display a reduction in _ (cell bodies of neurons) in the frontal lobes

gray matter

Cluster B disorders include antisocial personality disorder, __, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder.

histrionic personality disorder

an overabundance of dopamine in the__ system may be responsible for some symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions,

limbic

_ use is, in fact, a risk factor for schizophrenia.

marijuana

Dissociative amnesia involves ________.

memory loss following stress

there are a group of conditions that, when present, are diagnosed early in childhood, often before the time a child enters school. These conditions are listed in the DSM-5 as __

neurodevelopmental disorders

A person with schizophrenia may believe that his mother is plotting with the FBI to poison his coffee, or that his neighbor is an enemy spy who wants to kill him. These kinds of delusions are known as __

paranoid delusions

Cluster A disorders include paranoid __, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder.

personality disorder

low levels of dopamine in the __ might be responsible primarily for the negative symptoms

prefrontal cortex

In recent years, __ has received attention, and newer antipsychotic medications used to treat the disorder work by blocking __ receptors

serotonin

that one's kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches

somatic delusion

Brain imaging studies reveal that people with schizophrenia have enlarged _

ventricles