Ch.18
activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response: many of these indicate a _______ infection
chronic
http://www.medicowesome.com/2011/11/clotting-factors-mnemonic.html
clotting factor
granular leukocytes are
neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophils
bodies bacteria slayer
neutrophils
Granulocytes: 3 types-
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophil Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically (acidic,basic, or both) with Wright's stain
Iron-deficiency anemia results from:
-A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia -Inadequate intake of iron -containing foods -Impaired iron absorption
Blood prevents blood loss by:
-Activating plasma proteins and platelets - Initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken
Pernicious anemia results from:
-Deficiency of vitamin B12 -Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12 Treatment is intramuscular injection of B12; application of Nascobal
Lymphocytes-
-Have large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm -found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the blood)
erythropoiesis requires: (dietary)
-Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates -Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid
Blood prevents infection by:
-Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies -Activating complement proteins -Activating WBCs to defend the body against foreign invaders
Basophils-
-have U- or S-shaped, "bilobed" nuclei- two or three conspicuous constrictions -functionally similar to mast cells, releases histamines that enhance the allergic reactions and inflammatory responses -have large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain histamine -also produce heparin (anti-coagulant that will be discussed in greater detail later) that also removes fat from the blood --also involved in allergic response
Macrophages:
-highly mobile and actively phagocytic (large Super PacMan) which wander through tissues -activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response: many of these indicates a chronic infection
B-cells (=B lymphocytes) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (=humoral immunity)
-primarily react to bacterial infections in conjunction with T-cells to produce antibodies -B-cells stay in the lymph nodes
T-cells (=T lymphocytes) function in the immune response (=cell-mediated immunity)
-react to bacterial, viral, fungal, cancerous, and foreign tissue infections by going to the site of the infection/or of foreign tissue and "doing battle" themselve
Neutrophils have two types of granules that:
-take up both acidic and basic dyes and a cytoplasm with a lilac color -2-6 lobed nucleus with finely distributed granuals in cytoplasm containing lysozymes and defensins (antibiotic-like proteins) -phagocytic function -lots of these indicate bacterial infection
leukopoieses is hormonally stimulated by two families of cytokines. Name them
1) interleukins 2) colony stimulating factors
neutrophil is the most abundant granulocyte. They have two types of granules that:
1) take up both acidic and basic dyes 2) cytoplasm has lilac color
Erythropoietin (EPO) release by the kidneys is triggered by:
1-Hypoxia (low oxygen) due to decreased RBCs 2-kidney hormone stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to produce RBCs
lifespan of erythrocyte is
100-120 days
Anemia -
Anemia - blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity: It is a symptom rather than a disease itself sx: fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills
Blood maintains these 3 things:
Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system
functionally similar to mast cells, releases histamines that enhance the allergic reactions and inflammatory responses
Basophils
Erythrocytes (RBCs) are boconcave discs, anucleate and does not have ________________
Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles Filled with hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that functions in gas transport Structural characteristics contribute to its gas transport function erythrocytes are more than 97% Hb
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
Carbaminohemoglobin
hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced Hb
Deoxyhemoglobin
Formed elements are
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What are formed elements?
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) -Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) -Platelets for clotting
Erythropoiesis (formation of rbc) is hormonally controlled(erythropoietin) and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
Erythropoiesis (formation of rbc) is hormonally controlled(erythropoietin) and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
_______ & __________give rise to all formed elements
Hemocytoblasts, stem cells,
Hemocytoblasts, stem cells, give rise to all formed elements
Hemocytoblasts, stem cells, give rise to all formed elements
What is the composition of Blood
Liquid plasma & Formed elements: Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) -Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) -Platelets for clotting
______ & _______cells are the most important sources of cytokines
Macrophages and T cells
many of these indicates a chronic infection
Macrophages:
most abundant granulocyte
Neutrophils
our body's bacteria slayers
Neutrophils
Types of Hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin,Deoxyhemoglobin,Carbaminohemoglobin
Platelets are derived from cells called megakaryocytes.
Platelets are derived from cells called megakaryocytes.
There are two types of lymphocytes
T-cells and B- cells:
Fate and Destruction of Erythrocytes: what is the life span? What are dying rbc engulfed by? What happens to old rbc after they become fragile?
The life span of an erythrocyte is 100-120 days Old erythrocytes become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages and broken down in the spleen -membranes rupture -iron is picked up by a plasma protein called transferrin and transported back to bone marrow -globin chains are converted into a yellow pigment called bilirubin and the liver secretes bilirubin into the intestines as bile which give feces its brown color
granulocyte
a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm, e.g., an eosinophil or a basophil.
Monocytes are the _______ leukocytes and have abundant pale blue cytoplasms
are the largest leukocytes and have abundant pale-blue cytoplasms -have purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei -leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages
large, purplish-black basophilic granules that contain histamine
basophils
this leukocyte produces heparin and also removes fat from the blood
basophils
acute leukemia involves ______ cells and primarily effects children
blast
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow
The body stores iron in the liver, spleen, and
bone marrow
the body stores iron in the liver, spleen and ______________
bone marrow
Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by
by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Circulating erythrocytes - the number remains ________ and reflects a balance between RBC production and destruction
constant
granulocyctes contain ________ granules that stain specifically with wrights stain
cytoplasmic granules
Sickle-cell anemia - results from
defective gene coding for an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS) -HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain -This defect causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations
Aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
have red/orange staining. Red to crimson large, coarse, lysosome like granules
eosinophils
myeloblasts develop into
eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils
Myeloblasts develop into
eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils
Polycythemia
excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity
Eosinophils-account for 2-4% of all WBCs
have red/orange-staining, bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material - red to crimson (acidophilic) large, coarse, lysosome-like granules -lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms and lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes -lots indicates allergic reaction or parasitic infection
histology slides
http://faculty.montgomerycollege.edu/wolexik/205_histology__page.htm
blood game
https://www.learningnurse.org/games/tr-blood/game.html#
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
hypoxia (low oxygen) due to decreased RBCs -kidney hormone stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to produce RBCs -hormone active for 1-2 days and takes approx. 5 days to see increase in RBCs (and hematocrit)
Plasma is
in blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system plasma is composed primarily of water. also contains proteins (Albumin,globulins.fibrinogen).various electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium ions; dissolved gases, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen; various organic nutrients, such as vitamins, lipids, glucose, and amino acids; and metabolic wastes. All of these nonprotein solutes combined contribute approximately 1 percent to the total volume of plasma.
Leukopoiesis is hormonally stimulated by two families of cytokines
interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Macrophages and T cells are the most important sources of cytokines -Many hematopoietic hormones are used clinically to stimulate bone marrow
leukopoiesis
is a form of hematopoiesis in which white blood cells (WBC, or leukocytes) are formed in bone marrow located in bones in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus.
what is hemoglobin
is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body
erythropoieses is
is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes)
eosinophils function
lead the bodys counter attack against parasitic worms and lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes
immature wbc are found in the blood stream in all _______
leukemias
buffy coat contains
leukocytes & platelets. thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood
normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
leukocytosis (elevated wbc)
Blood transports oxygen from the _____ and nutrients from the _______________________
lungs ; digestive tract
blood transports metabolic wastes from cells to the _____and kidneys for _________________
lungs ; elimination
these leukocytes have large, dark purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes: -Lack visible cytoplasmic granules -Are similar structurally, but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types -Have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney-shaped (monocytes) nucle
lymphocytes are found mostly enmeshed in a _________ tissue
lymphoid (some circulate in blood)
______________phagocytose so much bacteria that they can commit suicide by exploding, producing pus
macrophages
large, super pac man leukocyte is
macrophages
basophils have u or s shaped bilobed nuclei w/ 2-3 conspicuous constrictions. They are functionally similiar to ____ cells
mast
mast cell is
mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a type of white blood cell. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin
Platelets are fragments of
megakaryocytes
myelocytic leukemia involves ______
meyeloblasts
these leukocytes leave the circulation, enter tissue, differentiate into macrophages
monocytes
dark red blood indicates it is
oxygen poor
scarlet colored blood indicates it is
oxygen rich
Blood plasma contains
proteins, organic nutrients, electrolytes, gases, nitrogenous substances. Proteins - albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others Nonprotein nitrogenous substances - lactic acid, urea, creatinine Organic nutrients - glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids Electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate Respiratory gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes function
respiratory gas transport via hemoglobin
Hemorrhagic anemia
result of acute or chronic loss of blood
react to bacterial, viral, fungal, cancerous, and foreign tissue infections by going to the site of the infection/or of foreign tissue and "doing battle" themselves
t cells
hemostasis is
the stopping of a flow of blood.
Iron is picked up by a plasma protein called ________ and transported back to bone marrow
transferrin
Functions of Blood
transports, regulates & protects
many hematopoietic hormones are used clinically to stimulate bone marrow t/f
true
t/f Most blood cells do not divide but are renewed by cells in bone marrow
true
The ABO blood groups consists of:
-Two antigens (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs -Two antibodies in the plasma (anti-A and anti-B)
-extrinsic involves damage to tissues, not just blood vessels: damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastinwhich combines with other factors to set off a shorter cascade of reactions that also ultimately involve Ca 2+ to produce Prothrombin Activator
-extrinsic involves damage to tissues, not just blood vessels: damaged tissues release tissue thromboplastinwhich combines with other factors to set off a shorter cascade of reactions that also ultimately involve Ca 2+ to produce Prothrombin Activator
Endothelial factors, these include:
-smooth internal surfaces -negative charge of integral proteins repelling the negative charge of platelets- as well as other plasma proteins -prostacyclin, a chemical secreted by "normal" endothelial cells
Major steps of the clotting process:
1) Prothrombin Activator (PA) is formed: 2) PA cuts a large protein molecule called prothrombin (mw 68,700) into thrombin (mw 33,700) 3) Thrombin cuts up fibrinogen (mw 340,000) into smaller monomers called fibrin -amount of clotting depends on the amount of thrombin formed 4) Fibrin then polymerizes to form fibrin threads -fibrin threads are stabilized by factor XIII, a protein secreted by the platelets, causing stronger bonds between threads 5) Fibrin threads attach to walls of the vessels and trap blood cells, platelets, etc. to form a clot -threads then contract further, closing the vessel 6) Plasmin or fibrolysin is incorporated into the clot -this plasma protein will eventually cause the clot to dissolve once healing has occurred
During hemostasis, three phases occur in rapid sequence
1) Vascular spasms - immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury: vessel walls contract, restricting blood flow 2) Platelet Plug Formation 3) coagulation
During hemostasis, three phases occur in rapid sequence
1-Vascular spasms - immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury: vessel walls contract, restricting blood flow 2-Platelet Plug Formation 3-coagulation
Coagulation
A tremedously complex set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel Coagulation follows intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to produce Prothrombin Activator
Prevention of Undesirable Clots
Aspirin - an antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 Heparin - an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care -also used to keep blood from clotting in laboratory vials and tubes Coumiden, coumarin, dicoumerol, and Warfarin (=used for those prone to atrial fibrillation) -all are Vit. K analogs (=look alikes) that depress liver production of prothrombin, Factors VII, IX, and X -takes about 12 hours to decrease blood coagulation by 50% and then the effects decrease
Factor 1
Fibrogen
Hemophilia A is
Hemophilia A is an X-linked, recessive disorder caused by deficiency of functional plasma clotting factor VIII (FVIII), which may be inherited or arise from spontaneous mutation. The development of inhibitory antibodies to FVIII can result in acquired hemophilia A or can complicate the treatment of genetic cases
a anticoagulant made by basophils, inhibits thrombin activity
Heparin
the only blood components that are complete cells:
Leukocytes-Are less numerous than RBCs
Rh Blood Groups
Presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as Rh+ Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals -However, if an Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood, anti-Rh antibodies form -A second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction
Factor V
Proaccelenin
human blood groups
RBC membranes have glycoprotein antigens on their external surfaces These antigens are: -Unique to the individual -Recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual -Promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens Presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify blood groups
85% of hemophilias lack factor
VII
thrombus
a clot that develops
Thrombus
a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
packed red blood cells are used to treat
anemia
_____________________________ is a naturally occuring protein that usually binds with thrombin and keeps it from cutting up fibrinogen
anti thrombin- heparin cofactor
Factor VIII
antihemolytic factor a
Factor LX
antihemolytic factor b
Factor XI
antihemolytic factor c
-primarily react to bacterial infections in conjunction with T-cells to produce antibodies -B-cells stay in the lymph nodes
b cells
whole blood transfusions are used when
blood loss is substantial, treating thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia
condition where the number of circulating platelets is deficient -Patients show petechiae (small purple blotches on the skin) due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage -Caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
negative charge of inegral proteins repelling the negative charge of platelets is a ______________ factor
endothelial
xII
fibrin stabilizing factor
factor XII
hageman factor
All leukocytes originate from
hemocytoblasts
Hemophilias
hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors
hemophillias
hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting.
COAG CASCADE GAME
http://www.easynotecards.com/matching/19796
BLOOD TYPING GAME
http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/donor-zone/games/blood-type
crash course blood video 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-XoM2144tk&index=30&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWBNaPno5h3Zs8
crash course blood video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQWlcSp9Sls&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOAKed_MxxWBNaPno5h3Zs8&index=29
Liver disease or lack of vitamin K - leads to
leads to no prothrombin, no fibrinogen, no factors V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI
hematocrit contains
percentage of RBC out of the total blood volume
Hemolytic anemia
prematurely ruptured erythrocytes
coumiden, coumarin, dicoumerol and warfarin are used to
prevent blood clots and also used for those prone to atrial fibrillation
Factor II
prothrombin
liver disease or lack of vit k leads to no:
prothrombin, fibrinogen, v, vii, viii, ix, xi
if emboli form in veins, they can usually lodge in ______ arteries
pulmonary
where does Hematopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
hemolytic disease of the newborn
rh+ antibodies of a sensitized rh- mother cross the placenta and attack and destory the rbs of a rh+ baby.
embolus
thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
-intrinsic is activated due to
trauma to the inner vessel wall or other rough surfaces: the trauma activates a plasma protein called Factor XII (Hagman Factor) which sets off a cascade of reactions involving 5 other factors plus Ca 2+ to produce Prothrombin Activator
Only WBCs are complete cells t/f
true
final common pathway
x marks the spot. prothrombin--thrombin fibrogen---fibrin XIII= clot
