ch.2 psych

Jorge's classmate arrived late to class and threw her backpack down as she slid into her seat in the third row. Jorge immediately assumed that his classmate was irresponsible and had slept late after a night of partying. Jorge relied on __________ to reach his conclusion. Jorge later found out that his classmate was late because her appointment at the hospital for her cancer treatments had started late

System 1 thinking

Which of the following best summarizes the benefits of using nonhuman animals in research?

Without nonhuman animal research, we'd know relatively little about the physiology of the brain.

Sherri wants to design a self-report measure for her study of personality traits, but she knows she should be concerned that respondents might distort their answers, especially to paint themselves in a positive light. This tendency is known as _________

a response set

The following scores are obtained when observing reaction time after participants consume alcohol. Data set: 2.4, 3.2, 1.8, 2.9, 10.9, and 3.1. What is the technical term for the 10.9 measure, which lies outside the range of the other scores?

an outlier

Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman refers to intuitive thinking as System 1. What type of thinking does Kahneman refer to as System 2?

analytical

The cases of facilitated communication and lobotomies demonstrate that good research design is important because intelligent, well-trained people __________

can be swayed into believing that a treatment is effective when it is not

Carlotta wants to determine if achievement is associated with a child's birth order in their family. It would be best if Carlotta conducted a(n) __________ study

correlational

Questions such as, "What is the average level of extraversion in this sample?" call for the use of which kind of statistics?

descriptive

The only research designs that allow us the possibility of drawing cause-and-effect inferences are

experimental designs

Dr. Ingo Larsen is testing the effectiveness of a new memory-enhancing study technique. He greets each participant at the door and escorts them into either the control group (that receives the old memory technique) or the experimental group (that receives the new memory technique). He then conducts the experiment and analyzes the results. This is all quite problematic, because of the potential presence of

experimenter expectancy effects

A mental shortcut or "rule of thumb" is referred to as a(n) __________ by psychologists

heuristic

One primary purpose of sending research articles to peer reviewers prior to publication is to

identify flaws in the research

The APA Ethical Principles for Human Research state: "A contact [person] who can answer questions about the research and the participant's rights should be provided." This statement is most relevant in which of the following aspects of ethical research?

informed consent

Research involving nonhuman animals can generate strong, often negative, feelings among people. This is especially so when the research involves __________ procedures that cause physical harm to the nonhuman animal research participants.

invasive

The two ingredients that make a research study an experiment are 1) random assignment of participants to conditions, and 2) __________

manipulation of an independent variable

Freda is reading a journal article in psychology, and sees that a statistically significant outcome would have occurred by chance alone only 5 out of 100 times. This statement would be summarized in the journal article as

p< 0.05

The media reports that new research shows cell phone usage is associated with tumor formation in the brain just above the ear. In the report, they describe the research findings and then publish interviews with three local cell phone distributors who voice concerns about how the study was conducted and who provided the primary funding for the study. This results in

pseudosymmetry

One important aspect of a research study that peer reviewers consider is whether the study considers alternate explanations. This is called

ruling out rival hypotheses

In the popular media (as opposed to scientific journals), research results can be presented in a misleading way because reporters have the tendency to exaggerate the gist or central message of the study. This is called

sharpening

Analytical thinking is __________ compared to intuitive thinking

slow

Which term indicates applying mathematics to describe and analyze data?

statistics

Mark Twain referred to three kinds of untruths: "Lies, damned lies, and statistics," because

statistics sometimes can be used to mislead people

What shameful experiment was conducted over the course of 40 years to determine what would happen if syphilis was left to run its course in unsuspecting "subjects" (at a time when a cure for the disease was already available)?

the Tuskegee study

Clarice has just designed a questionnaire to measure stress in children. She wants to make sure that it truly measures stress and not something like anxiety, fear, or frustration. She is wanting to make sure her measure is

valid

The authors accept the philosophical belief that science is __________; that is, neither good nor bad in itself

value-neutral