Ch.2

61. Which of the following is a disadvantage of virtual teams as compared to traditional teams? a. Increased costs for office space and support b. Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information c. Limited flexibility in team working hours d. Reduced dependence on technology and processes for accomplishing work

b. Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information

55. The _____ model of a systems development life cycle assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined. a. spiral life cycle b. waterfall life cycle c. incremental build life cycle d. RAD life cycle

b. waterfall life cycle

43. _____refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other. a. Member identity b. People focus c. Group emphasis d. Unit integration

d. Unit integration

34. In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines.Rizatti Corp can be said to have a _____ organizational structure. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functional

d. functional

68. The _____ frame of the organization is the one that is usually depicted in an organizational chart.

structural

65. _____ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.

systems

70. Three general classifications of organizational structures are _____, project, and matrix.

functional

71. In a(n) _____ organizational structure, project managers have little or no authority.

functional

69. The _____ frame of an organization relates to the company's culture.

symbolic

78. A(n) _____ is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing information systems.

SDLC

18. Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization.

T

2. Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management.

T

17. The best way to sustain a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project.

F

16. Project managers must take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders.

T

19. Standards and guidelines to follow when performing project management must be devised by top management.

T

22. The Adaptive Software Development (ASD) life cycle model assumes that software development follows an adaptive approach because the requirements cannot be clearly expressed early in the life cycle.

T

4. Project managers and their teams must keep in mind the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization instead of focusing on the immediate concerns of the project.

T

6. According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means.

T

8. An organization that uses a project organizational structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract.

T

9. Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects.

T

50. Which of the following is true of the project life cycle? a. In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest. b. In the later phases of the project life cycle, the level of uncertainty is usually the highest. c. It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases than the latter phases. d. More resources are usually needed during the initial phases of a project

a. In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest.

42. _____ refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession. a. Member identity b. People focus c. Group emphasis d. Unit integration

a. Member identity

20. It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases.

F

75. A major element of good practice concerns _____ , which addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management.

IT governance

35. In a _____organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functional

a. project

81. The term _____ describes new approaches that focus on close collaboration between programming teams and business experts.

agile software development

37. Project managers have the most authority in a pure _____ organizational structure. a. functional b. project c. matrix d. circular

b. project

57. In the _____ model, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously. a. RAD life cycle b. prototyping life cycle c. spiral life cycle d. incremental build life cycle

b. prototyping life cycle

33. Grey's Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey's have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to wear dark business suits, in order to convey the company's dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients' through the salespeople's clothing is part of the _____ frame of the organization. a. political b. symbolic c. structural d. human resources

b. symbolic

31. The symbolic perspective of an organization: a. focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management. b. views the organization as coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. c. focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people. d. focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization.

d. focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization.

56. The _____ model of a systems development life cycle provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities. a. spiral life cycle b. RAD life cycle c. waterfall life cycle d. incremental build life cycle

d. incremental build life cycle

25. The team members of a virtual team are all of the same nationality.

F

29. The _____ perspective of an organization focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management. a. structural frame b. human resources frame c. political frame d. symbolic frame

a. structural frame

80. _____ life cycle models of systems development assume that the scope of the project can be articulated clearly and the schedule and cost can be predicted accurately.

predictive

24. The nature of hardware development projects is more diverse than software-oriented projects.

F

21. The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase.

F

49. A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project. a. deliverable b. input c. system d. resource

a. deliverable

45. In organizational culture, means-end orientation refers to _____. a. the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior c. the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results d. the degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking

c. the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results

72. _____ refers to the degree to which work activities are organized around teams, rather than individuals.

group emphasis

7. Most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations.

T

59. Which of the following best describes a kill point in the project life cycle? a. The period of time given to managers during the feasibility phases to decide on the cost, quality, and time constraints for the project b. A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated c. The point of time in the project lifecycle after which it is impossible to terminate a running project d. The final submission of the project deliverables after which the project is terminated

b. A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated

46. _____ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment. a. Means-ends orientation b. Open-systems focus c. Conflict tolerance d. Risk tolerance

b. Open-systems focus

47. In organizational culture, control refers to _____. a. the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior c. the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results d. the degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking

b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior

39. Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure? a. In a matrix organizational structure, employees are organized into departments according to their skills, and there is little interaction between employees from different departments. b. Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from only a single functional area working on their projects. c. In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority. d. A matrix organizational structure is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO.

c. In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority.

58. The _____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation. a. incremental build life cycle b. waterfall life cycle c. RAD life cycle d. spiral life cycle

c. RAD life cycle

52. A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the _____ phase of the project life cycle, and an overview of the work involved is created. a. implementation b. acquisition c. concept d. close-out

c. concept

36. In a _____ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functional

c. matrix

41. The _____ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. a. member identity b. group emphasis c. people focus d. unit integration

c. people focus

44. In organizational culture, people focus refers to _____. a. the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior c. the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization d. the degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking

c. the degree to which management's decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization

73. _____ refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior.

control

48. _____ are an example of external stakeholders for an organization. a. Top managers b. Functional managers c. Employees d. Competitors

d. Competitors

76. A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project.

deliverable

82. _____ is an organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source.

outsourcing

83. Sprint planning is part of the basic ______.

scrum framework

79. The _____ life cycle model is suitable for projects in which changes can be incorporated with reasonable cost increases or acceptable time delays.

spiral

66. _____ addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and making a change to a system.

systems management

64. A(n) _____ is an overall model for thinking about things as sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose.

systems philosophy

67. The three spheres of systems management are business, organization, and _____.

technology

5. When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success.

F

3. Systems analysis addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system.

F

11. Most people believe that the underlying causes of many companies' problems can be traced to its organizational structure.

F

13. An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager's job more difficult

F

14. Project work is most successful in an organizational culture where activities are organized around individuals.

F

15. Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens.

F

1. Project managers should lead projects in isolation in order to truly serve the needs of the organization.

F

10. The project organizational structure is the most efficient choice for most IT projects.

F

74. Some projects have a senior manager called a(n)_____ who acts as a key proponent for a project.

champion

12. The same organization can have different subcultures.

T

23. An organization usually commits more money as a project continues, therefore a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals.

T

63. Which of the following is true of the agile approach to software development? a. In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration. b. An agile approach sets scope goals, but leaves time and cost goals flexible. c. Agile is a predictive model of software development. d. In the agile approach, requirements must be clearly expressed early in the life cycle.

a. In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration.

38. Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure _____ organizational structure. a. functional b. project c. matrix d. circular

a. functional

32. The _____ perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. a. political frame b. symbolic frame c. structural frame d. human resources frame

a. political frame

51. The first two traditional project phases (concept and development) focus on planning, and are often referred to as _____. a. project feasibility b. project acquisition c. project implementation d. project close-out

a. project feasibility

62. Which of the following is true of virtual teams? a. It is easier for a virtual team to build relationships and trust. b. Negative incentives do not impact virtual team members. c. It is important to select team members carefully. d. As they never meet, virtual teams do not have conflicts.

c. It is important to select team members carefully.

40. _____ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization. a. Chain of command b. Line of control c. Organizational culture d. Organizational structure

c. Organizational culture

77. In the _____ phase of the project life cycle, the work is completed, and customers should accept the entire project.

close-out

28. _____ refers to a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs. a. Linear programming b. Independent component analysis c. Principal component analysis d. Systems analysis

d. Systems analysis

26. Leadership style has no impact on the success of virtual teams.

F

53. In the development phase of the project life cycle: a. the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more thorough WBS. b. the project team delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders. c. managers develop a business case, which describes the need for the project and basic underlying concepts. d. managers prepare a preliminary or rough cost estimate for the required work.

a. the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more thorough WBS.

60. Which of the following best describes outsourcing? a. An organization selling its products in a market outside its domestic market b. An organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source c. An organization setting up manufacturing and retailing facilities in a new country d. An organization's use of virtual teams with employees located in different countries

b. An organization's acquisition of goods and services from an outside source

27. Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within the greater organizational context. _____ describes this holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization. a. Linear analysis b. Systems thinking c. Reductionism d. The silo approach

b. Systems thinking

30. The _____ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people. a. structural b. human resources c. political d. symbolic

b. human resources

54. In the _____ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders. a. development b. implementation c. concept d. close-out

b. implementation