ch.20
After World War I, France invented Mother's Day to ____________. a. encourage childbearing to replace the war dead b. stimulate the flower industry c. honor the mothers who fell during the war d. make up for past misogyny e. show off for U.S. president Woodrow Wilson
a
How did Hitler become chancellor of Germany? a. Hitler became chancellor by lawful election: His Nazi party won the largest number of delegates to the German parliament and he was invited to form a government. b. Hitler became chancellor in a rigged election that was later discovered to have included massive fraud and ballot falsification. c. Hitler became chancellor thanks to a coup in which he led dissatisfied veterans against the state. d. Hitler became chancellor thanks to his leadership in a rebellion of Germany's business class against the ineffective Weimar Republic.
a
In World War II, the German forces used _________, which emphasized rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. a. the tactic of blitzkrieg b. trench warfare c. war of attrition d. siege warfare e. guerrilla warfare
a
The symbol of the fascist movement, the fasces, represented fascism's core ideas of _____________. a. power and strength in unity b. power and strength in diversity c. power and strength in peace d. power and strength in profits e. power and strength in fantasy
a
What happened to European economies after the United States began its Marshall Plan in 1948? a. Europe saw massive economic growth and widespread prosperity. b. Europe sank deeper into economic misery. c. The Marshall Plan helped initially, but it could not sustain Europe's broken economy in the long run. d. The European economy recovered, but only after several decades of recession and poverty.
a
What happened to the pope when the fascists came to power in Italy? a. The pope made a series of agreements with Mussolini that made the Vatican a sovereign state and protected Church property. b. The pope was imprisoned so he could not get in the way of Mussolini's rise to power. c. Pope Pius IX was deposed and replaced with a puppet pontiff who would do whatever Mussolini told him to. d. The pope went into exile as there was no place for him in a fascist Rome.
a
What impact did Europe's colonial empires have on the conduct of World War I? a. The war drew in laborers and soldiers from the colonies. b. The war left the colonies untouched. c. The war was fought mainly in the colonies. d. The war led directly to independence for most European colonies.
a
What is a blitzkrieg? a. A military tactic in which infantry, tanks, and airplanes move rapidly over large areas b. A military tactic in which overwhelming force is applied to a small, carefully defined area c. A military tactic that stresses stepwise attacks against neighbors, consolidating hold on each territory before moving on to the next d. A military tactic of long-distance aerial bombardment to sap the enemy's will to resist
a
What was the New Deal? a. A collection of reforms intended to restart economic growth in the Depression-era United States b. The collectivization of farms and businesses in the United States in an effort to increase prosperity c. A U.S. policy of guaranteed loans to European states to help them out of the Great Depression d. A U.S. policy that helped veterans returning from World War I find work and get established
a
What was the popular attitude in Europe toward the prospect of war in the summer of 1914? a. Widespread enthusiasm for war b. Widespread opposition to war c. Widespread indifference to war d. Widespread unawareness of the fact that there might be a war
a
Which Enlightenment values did the Nazis draw upon in their ideology? a. Science and human perfectibility b. Liberty and equality c. Rationalism and democracy d. Skepticism and open-mindedness
a
Which of the following factors helped lead to the outbreak of World War I? a. Intense nationalism in Europe b. Fear that Germany was developing poison gas for use in warfare c. European powers' attacks on each others' colonies d. The outbreak of the Russian Revolution
a
Which of the following steps did the Nazis take against Jews in the 1930s? a. Jews were stripped of their German citizenship. b. Millions of Jews were put in forced-labor camps. c. Many Jews were deported, especially to Madagascar where a colony was formed for them. d. The Jews were killed.
a
Which of the following was a condition of the Treaty of Versailles? a. Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the outbreak of World War I. b. Russia was forced to depose Tsar Nicholas II as a condition for peace. c. The Ottoman Empire was divided into a number of new states. d. The Jews were promised a national homeland in Palestine.
a
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points seemed to herald a new kind of ___________. a. international life b. warfare c. cartography d. scoring system for baseball e. technology
a
How did Adolf Hitler and the Nazis view modern urban life? a. As the best part of Germany b. As a Jewish conspiracy to corrupt traditional German values c. As something that Americans had and Germany wanted d. As Germany's main hope for defeating the centuries-long Jewish presence in Germany
b
Most Europeans in August 1914 believed that the war would be over by ___________. a. September 1914 b. Christmas 1914 c. the summer of 1915 d. the 1920s e. the twenty-first century at the earliest
b
The "Axis" nations were united by their opposition to what international movement? a. Fascism b. Communism c. Imperialism d. Industrialization
b
The government established in Germany immediately after World War I was known as a. the Third Reich. b. the Weimar Republic. c. the Vichy Government. d. the Triple Alliance.
b
The rise of the military in 1930s Japan reflected the traditional prominence of _________ in Japanese history. a. peasant armies b. the samurai class c. the emperor d. foreign influences e. China
b
What myth arose in Germany in the 1920s to explain why Germany lost the First World War? a. The German forces were hexed. b. Socialists, Jews, and liberals in Germany had betrayed the nation. c. French and American soldiers were genetically superior to German soldiers. d. The German kaiser gave crucial information to the enemy.
b
What was the reaction of many European intellectuals to the experience of World War I? a. Newfound patriotism b. Profound disillusionment with European civilization c. Most intellectuals were killed in the war. d. Most intellectuals were not concerned about the war at all.
b
Which of the following causes did fascism support? a. Communism b. Traditional values c. Feminism d. Parliamentary democracy
b
Which of the following is an accurate statement of the Nazi attitude toward women? a. Women exist solely for the pleasure of men. b. Women's place is in the home, where their role as mothers serves a vital function for the family and the state. c. Women should work alongside men to create a new world order. d. Women should take their place in the workforce but should not exercise political power.
b
Which of the following measures brought Germany out of the Great Depression? a. Hitler's success in bringing in large amounts of foreign investment b. The Nazi government's investment in infrastructure and rearmament c. The Nazi government's downsizing and stringent austerity measures d. The creation of an alliance between the German government and the labor unions, creating better working conditions for most of the population
b
Which of the following states was an ally of Germany in World War I? a. Russia b. Italy c. Japan d. Arabia
b
Which of the following was an effect of the Great Depression in Latin America? a. States took advantage of the global chaos to break free from Spain. b. Military dictators took control of several states. c. The property of the Catholic Church was confiscated to provide food for the poor. d. Latin America enjoyed a boom economy as the region supplied goods that the rest of the world was no longer able to produce.
b
Which statement best describes the United States' role in World War I? a. The United States entered the war early, but only played a minor role. b. The United States entered the war late, but played an important role in the defeat of Germany. c. The United States played a major role in the war from the beginning. d. The United States remained neutral during World War I.
b
Benito Mussolini's fascist movement came to power promising an alternative to what? a. Democratic rule b. Communism c. Both democratic rule and communism d. Monarchy
c
Hitler repeatedly stressed the importance for Germany of gaining ________ in the east, in the lands of Poland and Russia. a. prestige b. business contacts c. living space d. access e. experience
c
Hitler's autobiography, in which he called for the racial purification of Germany, is called a. Ma Vlast. b. Arbeit Macht Frei. c. Mein Kampf. d. Mein Leben.
c
Hitler's message cast German nationalism in terms of _________ superiority. a. economic. b. topographical c. racial d. mineralogical e. maritime
c
How did Japanese nationalists differentiate Japanese society from Western society? a. They believed that the Japanese were more individualistic than westerners. b. They believed that the Japanese were better at developing technology than westerners. c. They believed that the Japanese were more loyal to their ruler than westerners were to their own rulers. d. They believed Japanese society to be far more modern than Western society.
c
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) committed America to defending Western Europe— with nuclear weapons, if necessary— against possible attack by _________. a. China b. anticolonial uprisings c. the Soviet Union d. North Korea e. OPEC
c
The industrialization of warfare had created vastly more __________ by the time of the outbreak of World War I. a. robots b. computers c. lethal weapons d. uniforms e. confusion
c
The worst feature of the Great Depression for ordinary people was ___________. a. the loss of stock portfolios b. the overproduction of consumer goods c. unemployment d. suicidal thoughts e. inflation
c
What event marked the first significant outbreak of fighting in World War II? a. The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor b. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand c. Japan's invasion of Manchuria d. Germany's invasion of Poland
c
What event was the spark that ignited World War I? a. The death of Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany b. The birth of Alexei, heir to the Russian throne c. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy d. The sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania by a German submarine
c
What was meant by the term "corporate state," used to describe fascist Italy? a. Big businesses ran the state. b. Big businesses were favored by the state. c. Business and labor were to be unified within the state. d. Business and labor were left alone to run the state themselves.
c
What was the Marshall Plan? a. The German plan to invade France with a rapid strike that bypassed the Maginot Line b. The plot of a group of high-ranking German officers to assassinate Hitler c. The U.S. plan to help Europe recover after World War II d. The German plan to invade the Soviet Union
c
What was the effect of Germany's arrival as a new powerful player on the international scene? a. It provided stability to the established order. b. It made little difference to the established powers. c. It was disruptive to the established order. d. Germany quickly became the lone superpower.
c
What was the real reason that the Japanese began invading French, British, Dutch, and American territories in Southeast Asia and the Pacific? a. To liberate Asians from colonial domination b. To establish a new ruling dynasty in China c. To gain control of Asia's resources and end Japan's dependence on the West d. Preemptive self-defense against colonial powers that were planning an attack on Japan from their bases in Southeast Asia
c
Which of the following events of the Second World War is NOT an example of the term "total war"? a. The firebombing of German cities by Britain and the United States b. The mass rape and mutilation of Chinese women by Japanese troops in Nanjing c. The bombing of Pearl Harbor d. The dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States
c
Which of the following is a reason why Japan adopted authoritarianism in the early twentieth century? a. Reaction against misgovernment by a dictatorial emperor b. Suffering in World War I turned the Japanese people against their government c. Reaction against the hardships of the Great Depression d. Fear that Japanese culture would be destroyed by the large number of foreigners in the country
c
Which of the following seriously weakened Wilson's idea of a League of Nations? a. Language barriers b. Wilson's own overbearing personality c. The failure of the U.S. Senate to ratify the League d. The failure of many major nations to join the League
c
Which of the following statements best describes Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy? a. Mussolini came to power in a military coup. b. Mussolini came to power in a peaceful election, which he won thanks to his program for reform. c. Mussolini came to power in an election, but voters were intimidated by the considerable violence that his followers demonstrated. d. Mussolini seized power as the leader of a peasant rebellion.
c
Which of the following states enjoyed significant economic growth in the 1930s, while the rest of the world was sunk deep in the Great Depression? a. The United States b. Germany c. The USSR d. Brazil
c
Which of the following states was created from the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I? a. Greece b. Poland c. Syria d. Egypt
c
Which of the following was a reason for the failure of the League of Nations? a. Great Britain refused to join the League, weakening it before it ever started. b. World War I broke out while the League was still being planned. c. The United States refused to join the League, weakening it before it ever started. d. The League's chief promoter, President Woodrow Wilson, died in the influenza epidemic of 1919 before plans for the organization were complete.
c
The new national states that emerged from the collapse of the German, Russian, and Austrian empires were based on the principle of ___________ championed by the U.S. president Woodrow Wilson. a. religious affiliation b. racial identity c. industrial capability d. historical longevity e. national self-determination
e
As a result of World War I, the Ottoman Empire killed or deported one million _________, setting a precedent for future genocides. a. Arabs b. Jews c. Bosnians d. Armenians e. Persians
d
Fascism first took root in _________. a. Germany b. Austria c. France d. Italy e. Spain
d
In Japan, as in Germany, it was the __________ that paved the way for more authoritarianism and nationalism. a. First World War b. Second World War c. New Deal d. Great Depression e. League of Nations
d
In what way was nationalist Japan most similar to fascist Italy and Nazi Germany? a. Widespread arrest and execution of political opponents b. Political takeover of right-wing radical groups c. Complete censorship of intellectuals and artists d. Aggressive ambition for conquest and empire building
d
Japan invaded China in 1937 because of a dispute over ________, thus beginning World War II. a. Okinawa b. Korea c. Hong Kong d. Manchuria e. the Philippines
d
The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of __________. a. Britain b. the United States c. Australia d. Germany e. itself
d
The Triple Alliance involved three European powers, _________________________. a. France, Britain, and Ireland b. Italy, Greece, and Hungary c. the United States, Russia, and Germany d. Germany, Austria, and Italy e. France, Britain, and Russia
d
What impact did World War II ultimately have on communism? a. It destroyed communism. b. It transformed communism into a pacifist movement. c. It allowed communism to spread across Western Europe. d. It gave communism legitimacy in the Soviet Union and control over half of Europe and much of Asia.
d
What provoked Japan's 1937 attack on China? a. The Chinese invasion of Korea b. Chinese seizure of Japanese oil resources c. Chinese attacks on Japanese citizens residing in their country d. Fear that growing nationalism in China would pose a future threat
d
What term best describes the predominant style of warfare in World War I? a. Shock and awe b. Blitzkrieg c. Divide and conquer d. Trench warfare
d
What two new major states disrupted the balance of European power in the late nineteenth century? a. Poland and Russia b. Italy and France c. Germany and Denmark d. Germany and Italy
d
Which of the following best describes the attitude of Japanese leaders toward their decision to bomb Pearl Harbor and thus start a war with the United States? a. They were enthusiastic but knew they stood no chance against the United States. b. They were enthusiastic, believing they could easily beat an overrated American military. c. They were regretful, for they knew that they could have achieved more power over the United States through negotiations. d. They were regretful, for they knew that they stood only a small chance against the mighty United States, though they saw no other way to maintain power in the Pacific.
d
Which of the following is a reason why the Nazis were able to rise to power in Germany? a. The Nazis proved that there was a great international Jewish conspiracy and promised to fight it. b. An attempted Communist takeover terrified most Germans and led them to vote for the party they thought would protect them from communism. c. The Weimar Republic lost face by losing a war with Italy. d. Most Germans were disgusted by the Weimar Republic's inability to ease the Great Depression.
d
Which of the following statements best describes fascism? a. Fascism was a political ideology that advocated the redistribution of land to level out social classes. b. Fascism was a political ideology that advocated the destruction of factories and a return to simpler, pre-industrial life. c. Fascism was a political ideology that advocated the abolition of all minority groups within fascist countries. d. Fascism was a political ideology that advocated intense nationalism and a sense of national destiny.
d
Which of the following was NOT a factor in causing the Great Depression? a. High reparations payments by Germany and Austria to France and Britain b. Overproduction in the United States c. Stock market speculation d. Government interference in market economies
d
Which of the following was a legacy of World War I? a. An employment boom as societies rushed to repair the damage caused by war b. A rapid return to traditional values c. The creation of new monarchies to replace the German and Austro-Hungarian empires d. Widespread disillusionment with European values
d
Which of the following was an effect of the Great Depression in the United States? a. Large-scale emigration from the United States for the first time, as unemployed people desperately sought economic opportunities elsewhere b. Rapid spread of socialism in the United States, as impoverished workers sought relief in the teachings of Karl Marx c. Large-scale starvation, especially among unemployed urban workers d. Massive unemployment and economic distress
d
Which of these statements is true of fascism in Germany but not in Italy? a. It advocated the use of violence as a political tool. b. Its members hated communism. c. It became a single-party dictatorship. d. Its members claimed racial superiority and made a policy of persecuting minorities.
d
On Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night"), November 9, 1938, Nazis __________ Jewish shops throughout Germany. a. outlawed b. held peaceful demonstrations in front of c. reopened d. bought up e. smashed and looted
e
___________ sustained the worst suffering in World War II, with 25 million killed, another 25 million made homeless, and thousands of towns, villages, and industrial enterprises destroyed. a. Germany b. Britain c. France d. Japan e. The Soviet Union
e