Ch3 Part 1 and 2

conversion

"Receipt" of God/s gift/saving grace. Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect" or the "visible saints." Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation. This was an intense/identifiable personal experience where God revealed the elect their heavenly destiny.

"visible saints"

"Visible saints" were created through the idea of "conversion". Those who were "visible saints" had a special Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect. Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation.

Great Migration

(1630s). Migration of 70 thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies (mostly going to settle in New England + the Caribbean). Many migrants were attracted to the watm/fertile West Indies (i.e. Barbados, which was rich w/ sugar). More migrants settled in Barbados than Massachusetts. The 20 thousand migrants who came to Massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose: to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World. Not all of these migrants were Puritans.

Metacom

(1675) Massasoit (Wampanoag Indian chief; signed a treaty w/ the Plymouth Pilgrims (1621) + helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving after the fall harvests that same year) son, made an alliance w/ intertibal communities, +performed assaults on English villages throughout New England.

7. What is the significance of the Fundamental Orders? (i.e. 1968 settlement in New Haven, Massachusetts).

-was a modern constitution. -established a regime democratically controlled by the "substantial" citizens. -foundation for Connecticut's colonial character + state constitution.

Massachusetts Bay Company

1629: energetic group of non-Separatist Puritans succeeded in obtaining a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company. The Massachusetts Bay Company's goal= to establish a pretty large settlement in the Massachusetts area (which was very infertile), and Boston would soon become its center of activity. Stealing a march on both the king and the Church, the Massachussetts Bay Company brought their charter with them, + used it as a constitution to live by, out of easy reach of royal authority. The denied wanting to separate from the Church of Englnad, and only wanting to separate from its "impurities". In England, Archbishop William Laud viewed them as pigs "rooted in God's vineyard".

Congregational Church

A "congregational church" is one in which the congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. The Massachusetts colonists thought they had an agreement w/ God that they would build a holy society that would be a model for humankind. This common belief greatly shaped the colony. Soon after the colonists arrived, they gave all "freemen" approval to have certain rights...."Freemen": Adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations, which later became known "collectively" as "the Congregational Church".

Squanto

A Wampanoag Indian who learned English from a ship's captain who kidnapped him some years ago

"Mayflower"

A group of Protestant Separatists who left to go to Holland (1608). But in the twelve years they settled in Holland, they became more and more distressed by the "Dutchification" of their children. Their goal: to find a place of safety/refuge (a "haven) where they could live/die as English and Purified Protestants. They chose to settle in America, even though Jamestown's conditions, and the tales of cannibals that inhabited the New World. They negotiated w/ the Virginia Company, and got rights to settle under its legal decision/judgement. The "Mayflower" spent 65 days @ sea, + missed its destination, actually arriving @ the New England Coast (1620). Less than half of the Mayflower group were Separatists. One person died during the trip down to the New England Coast, and one was born. People think the Pilgrims first landed at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, but instead settled in various places b/f actually settling at Plymouth Rock, Massachussetts.B/c where they finally settled (Plymouth Rock) was not area possessed by the Virginia Company, the settlers became "squatters" (didn't have legal rights to this land/didn't have specific authority to form a government).

Pilgrims

A member of a group of English Puritans fleeing religious persecution who sailed in the "Mayflower" and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620; A person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons.

Roger Williams

A popular Salem minister and EXTREME SEPARATIST, who threatedned the Puritan leaders. He was a young man w/ radical ideas/ wouldn't stop spreading his thoughts to the people around him. He wanted his fellow separatist clergymen to quickly leave the corrupt Church of England. Roger Williams also opposed the legalness the the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter, disapproved it b/c they took away the Massachusetts land they had settled on from the Indians w/o paying them back fairly. He disagreed that the government should regulate religious behavior, as they had been doing in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (was a blow to the Puritan idea of government's very purpose). 1635= The Bay Colony Puritans were sick of him spreading new/dangerous thoughts, + wanted him banished to England, but Roger WIlliams made sure this didn't happen.

Dominion of New England (1686)

Administrative union created by royal authority (back in London, England), incorporating all of New York, + East and West New Jersey. Another one of its goals= make colonial defense stronger, just in case a war with the Indians vs. the colonists were to happen. The imperial Parliament viewed this was the move of an experienced political leader. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who restrained popular assemblies, taxed residents w/o their agreement, + strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control. Massachusetts was humiliated when the Dominion of New England was created.

"salutary neglect"

After the Glorious Revolution, new ideas rose up over the English colonies. Inspires by the challenge to the crown in the old England, colonists seized the occasion to strike against the royal authority placed on them in America (by the previous English King, Charles II). There was major unrest (1689-1691) in New York and Maryland, until newly appointed governors restored the appearance that there was order. Most importantly, after the Glorious Revolution, a period of "salutary neglect" happened. This was the period where the new monarchs relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade. In this time period, the Navigation Laws were only weakly enforced. o Yet some things were still left behind from King Charles II of England's reign (who wanted tighter administrative control over his empire): more English officials (judges, clerks, customs officials) were in the courts, and patrolled the harbors of the English colonies. Most of these English officials didn't have good skills to do this, + were dishonest people who didn't know much/didn't care much about what happened in America. B/c of them, local leaders in the colonies didn't rise to leadership. The English colonists became more and more contempt (state of being despised or dishonored).

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson opposed Puritan orthodoxy. She was an unusually smart/determined/outgoing woman. Had 14 children. She criticized the Puritan doctrine of Predestination, saying that a holy life didn't ensure salvation, + those who were truly saved didn't need to follow man or God's law. This was "antinomianusm" (meaning "against the law" in Greek). Puritans banished her, she moved to Rhode Island, then New York, where her whole family was killed by Indians except for her + 1 other family member.

Mayflower Compact

Before leaving their ship, the Pilgrims from the Mayflower came up with/signed "the Mayflower Compact". The "Mayflower Compact" was an agreement to form a basic/rough government, + accept to the majority of the Mayflower group's "will" (desire/ determination to do something, w/ the regulations being agreed upon). The "Mayflower Compact" was not a constitution @ all, but it did set an example for constitutions written later in time. 41 men signed this compact. Why was the Mayflower Compact important? The Mayflower Compact created a foundation for self-government (b/c soon enough, the men settlers from the Mayflower assembled to create their own laws in town meetings that had open-discussion (leading to more liberty).

aninomianism

Belief that the elect didn't need to obey the law of either God or man; most notablely, practiced by Anne Hutchinson. It was "heresy" (a belief/opinion contrary to orthodox (in this case, Christian) religious doctrine. Theologically, antinomianism is the belief that there are no moral laws God expects Christians to obey (that they don't need to follow Christian moral laws in order to get salvation).

predestination

Calvinist doctrine that God had foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. Though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect". The idea of "predestination" plagued the Calvinists.

Pequot War (1637)

Caused conflict when more English settlers came to the Connecticut River valley. More negative interaction b/t the Indians + the whites hurt the previously peaceful relationship they had. 1637=series of clashes b/t English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River Valley. Ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans + their Narragansett Indian allies. Why important? This started 40 years of "uneasy peace" b/t the Puritans and the Indians.

Calvinism

Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans/other (i.e. Scottish Presbytarians/French Huguenots/the communicants of the Dutch Reformed Catholic). American settlers. Based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination--that only "the elect" were destined for salvation. Calvinism said: God was all-powerful/ all-good. Humans were weak/wicked, b/c of the corrupting effect of original sin. One major aspect of Calvinism is that it believed in "predestination" (showed that they believed that God was all-knowing as well).

New Amsterdam

Dutch West India Company Bought Manhattan Island from the Indians; 22 thousand acres for pennies per acre. Now it is perhaps the most valuable real estate in the world. Is now New York City. New Amsterdam was a company town, meaning it was run by and for the Dutch Company ,in the interests of stockholders. The investors didn't care about religious toleration/free speech/ or democratic practices. The governors appointed by the company as directors-general were normally harsh/despotic. Religious dissenters who opposed the official Dutch Reformed Church were seen w/ suspicion, and for a while, Quakers were violently/uncontrollably abused. As a response to the repetitive protests by the annoyed colonists, a local body w/ limited lawmaking power was finally established. The New Amsterdam Dutch Colony took on a strong aristocratic tint, which it kept for many many years after. "Patroonships", which were vast tracts of land (w/ feudal estates on them) along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing 50 settlers to the property. People from many different countries/cultures went to New Amsterdam (which is usual in seaport towns, which Amsterdam was). 23 Jews arrived (1654) escaping religious persecution from the Catholic Brazil. New Amsterdam became known as a haven for the homeless/the harried.

Puritans

English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals/creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership. Most came from commercially-depressed woolen districts.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Established by non-separating Puritans, it would soon grow to be one of the largest/most influential of the New England colinies. 1630= the Massachusetts Bay Colony expeditioned w/ aroun 1,000 immigrants/11 boats. W/ this huge amount of people, the Massachusetts Bay Colony began as the largest-populated English colony. In the next 10 years (1630-1640), the religious dispute back in England spurred Puritans to move to Massachusetts. 1691: the population was 7 thousand. This year the Plymouth colony merged w/ the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Pennsylvania blue laws

Even though William Penn's Pennsylvania had economic opportunities, civil liberty, and religious freedom, "blue laws" were still in place. The "blue laws" disallowed "ungodly revelers," stage plays, playing cards, dice, games, + too much laughter (refer to p. 54-55).

"city upon a hill"

Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony said "We shall be as a city upon a hill", meaning the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be a role-model to everyone else to shape their lives/functions after.Colonists thought they had an agreement w/ God to build a holy society that would be a model to the rest of mankind. Why important? It showed that most of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlers held a shared sense of purpose.

William Bradford

Had good taste/manners/education. Was a self-taught scholar who read Hebrew/Greek/Latin/French/Dutch. William Bradford was chosen governor 30 times in the annual elections (for the Pilgrims). Among his big worries was that independent, non-Puritan settlers "on their particular"(the doctrine that some but not all people are redeemed) would corrupt his godly experiment out in the wilderness. Although fishing villages/other settlements were created north of Plymouth.

Bible Commonwealth

Massachusetts was named the "Bible Commonwealth" b/c religious leader had huge impact there. (i.e. determined church membership/the Blue Laws (i.e. being fined for kissing in public, in Connecticut)). There, laws intended for the common good were based on the Bible and the right to vote was limited to church members. In a Bible commonwealth, civic officials wrote into law their interpretations of Bible commands; the economy subsidized Christian public education, printed materials, and ministers; and official religious and political duties often overlapped. An attempt to establish a Bible commonwealth is represented by the New Haven colony's use of An Abstract of the Lawes of New England (1641)—a code prepared by Massachusetts Bay minister John Cotton—as the basis of its government.

John Cotton

Religious leaders had a huge influence here in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (i.e. public interrogations of people who claimed to have experienced conversion, to influence church membership). John Cotton was one of these religious leaders. He settled in Massachusetts to be able to criticize the Church of England w/o being treated badly by the people in England, for instance. John Cotton defended the government's duty to enforce religious rules. Sometimes he prayed/preached up to 6 hours...!

Thomas Hooker

Reverend who led an energetic group of Boston Puritans, to Hartford, Connecticut.

Baptist Church

Roger Williams created the first Baptist Church, demanding freedom of religion (even for Jews/Catholics). Roger Williams demanded no oaths about religious beliefs/no obligation to go to to worship/+ no taxes to support a state church. He also sheltered the abused Quakers, even though he completely disagreed w/ their views. Most LIBERAL English settlement in the New World, + more advanced than the Old World communities too. / FREEDOM OF OPPORTUNITY. Soon after, many dissatified people/exiles came to Rhode Island. SOme of them couldn't stand the stifling theological atmostphere of the Bay Colony. They all had one thing in common: they were not welcome in any other place. The Puritans views Rhode Island, w/ all the non-puritans/misfits, as a "sewer" of the "Lord's debris", or garbage.

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts said that only English ships could trade in English+colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England. Trade between English colonies and colonies ruled by other countries was no longer allowed. The English settlers and settlers everywhere became very annoyed/frustrated @ these laws, b/c if the English didn't trade with others, it effected everybody. b/c of this, smuggling became common.

8. What is the significance of King Philip's war?

Slowed the westward march of English settlement in New England for several decades. But the war inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indians. Drastically reduced in #s, dispirited, + disbanded, they thereafter posed only sporadic threats to the New England Colonists.

King Philip's War (1675)

Slowed the westward march of English settlement in New England for several decades. But the war inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indians. Drastically reduced in #s, dispirited, + disbanded, they thereafter posed only sporadic threats to the New England Colonists.

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England. They were appalled by the "unholy fraternizing" of people who were not "visible saints" in their church (the Church of England). They didn't want to keep sharing pews/communion rails with the "damned", or the people who were not "visible saints". After initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts (1620).

"praying towns"

Some Indians were gathered into "praying towns" to meet the English God (Puritans' God) + learn the ways of the English culture. This happened b/c England was mad @ the Puritans, so the Puritans made weak efforts to convert the remaining Indians to Christianity.

Henry Hudson

The Dutch East India Company wanted to find greater riches, so they hired Henry Hudson, and English explorer, to do this for them. Instead of following directions, Henry Hudson didn't sail northeast, and sailed into Delaware Bay and New York Bay (1609). He then came up the Hudson River, hoping to find the shortcut through the continent that many people had wanted to find. He ended up merely filing a Dutch claim to a "magnificently wooded + watered area".

Dutch West India Company

The Dutch West India Company was much less powerful than the powerful Dutch East India Company. The Dutch West India Company ran profitable enterprises in the Caribbean. @ times, the Dutch West India Company was more interested in raiding, instead of trading. In 1628= the Dutch West India Company captured a fleet of Spanish treasure ships that held $15 million of loot! The Dutch West India Company also set up outposts in Africa and a thriving sugar industry in Brazil (which was Brazil's center of activity for many years in the New World). o The Dutch West India Company established New Netherland, in the beautiful Hudson River area (1623-1624), who wanted to get a quick profit for their fur trade. Was a "secondary interest". o Bought Manhattan Island from the Indians; 22 thousand acres for pennies per acre. Now it is perhaps the most valuable real estate in the world. o The Swedish colonists were absorbed by New Netherland after New Netherland went on a small military expedition in 1655. It was a bloodless siege. The Dutch were annoyed @ first b/c Swedes had trespassed on Dutch land (1638-1655), and made the weak New Sweden Colony on the Delaware River.

Dutch East Indian Company

The Dutch republic became a leading colonial power, with by far its greatest activity in the East Indies. There it continued a huge + profitable empire for over 300 years. the Dutch East India Company was pretty much a state within a state. @ one time, it supported an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships, 40 of them men-of-war.

4. In what ways was the Massachusetts Bay Colony democratic and in what ways was it not?

The Massachusetts Bay Colony = NOT DEMOCRATIC: • The government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wasn't a democracy; Governor John Winthrop, was scared of/didn't trust the public settlers, called them mean, and though democracy was the worst type of government. **ONLY Puritans (the "visible saints" who alone were eligible for church membership) could be "freemen"; (The purpose of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's government= to enforce God's laws (which were forced on both believers AND nonbelievers, i.e. they both had to pay taxes for the church). • Religious leaders had a huge influence here in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (i.e. public interrogations of people who claimed to have experienced conversion, to influence church membership). John Cotton was one of these religious leaders. He settled in Massachusetts to be able to criticize the Church of Englang w/o being treated badly by the people in England, for instance. John Cotton defended the government's duty to enforce religious rules. Sometimes he prayed/preached up to 6 hours...! • The Puritans passed laws to make simple pleasures stay simple, by forbidding certain human instincts (i.e. kissing in public). YES, DEMOCRATIC: • The freemen elected the governor/his assistants/representative assembly every year. • Overall, though. a congregation could hire/fire a minister/determine how much $ he made for this job. Religious leaders couldn't be formally hold political office either. The idea of the separation of church and state was supported by the Massachusetts Bay Colonists.

"freemen"

The Massachusetts colonists thought they had an agreement w/ God that they would build a holy society that would be a model for humankind. This common belief greatly shaped the colony. Soon after the colonists arrived, they gave all "freemen" approval to have certain rights...."Freemen": Adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations, which later became known "collectively" as "the Congregational Church".

Though never large or important economically, the Pilgrim colony at Plymouth is considered historically significant. Why?

The Plymouth Pilgrim colony is considered historically significant b/c: • "Mayflower"= A group of Protestant Separatists who left to go to Holland (1608). But in the twelve years they settled in Holland, they became more and more distressed by the "Dutchification" of their children. Their goal: to find a place of safety/refuge (a "haven) where they could live/die as English and Purified Protestants. *B/c where they finally settled (Plymouth Rock) was not area possessed by the Virginia Company, the settlers became "squatters" (didn't have legal rights to this land/didn't have specific authority to form a government). • Mayflower Compact=agreement to form a basic government, + accept to the majority of the Mayflower group's desire or determination to do something, w/ the regulations being agreed upon. * set an example for constitutions written later in time*. 41 men signed this compact. *Why was the Mayflower Compact important? The Mayflower Compact was a promising step towards real self-government (b/c soon enough, the men settlers from the Mayflower assembled to create their own laws in town meetings that had open-discussion (leading to more liberty).* • none of the separatists left when the Mayflower sailed back to England (1620-1621). *• 1621: First Thanksgiving in New England; b/c of great harvests.* • Soon enough, the Plymouth colony gained $ from fur/fish/lumber. The beaver(sustenance for the body)and the bible(sustenance for the soul) were the "early mainstays". From this, the Plymouth Pilgrims proved that they could survive in such a harsh region. • Pilgrims= A member of a group of English Puritans fleeing religious persecution who sailed in the "Mayflower" and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620; A person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons. • town meeting= The Plymouth pilgrims showed their step towards self-government, when the men settlers came together to make their own laws in open-discussion "town meetings". This was the beginning of them making liberty. • William Bradford= Had good taste/manners/education. Was a self-taught scholar who read Hebrew/Greek/Latin/French/Dutch. William Bradford was chosen governor 30 times in the annual elections (for the Pilgrims). Among his big worries was that independent, non-Puritan settlers "on their particular"(the doctrine that some but not all people are redeemed) would corrupt his godly experiment out in the wilderness. Although fishing villages/other settlements were created north of Plymouth. • the Plymouth colony was quiet, never economically/numerically important. 1691: the population was 7 thousand. This year the Plymouth colony merged w/ the Massachusetts Bay Colony. • The tiny Plymouth Pilgrim colony was big in moral/spiritual terms.

town meeting

The Plymouth pilgrims showed their step towards self-government, when the men settlers came together to make their own laws in open-discussion "town meetings". This was the beginning of them making liberty.

"Blue Law" state

The Puritans (who believed in a doctrine of a "caling" to fo God's work on Earth), passed laws to make simple pleasures stay simple, by forbiding certain human instincts (i.e. kissing in public). CONNECTICUT. NAMED "BLUE law state" after a young married couple was fined 20 shillings after committing the crime of kissing in public. Also know as "sumptuary laws". They are designed to restricts personal behavior w/ a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania. It was named after the blue paper that the laws were printed on. Puritans enforced this way of life b/c they knew sinners shriveled in Hell, and that they didn't want to go there.

"Protestant ethic"

The Puritans (who believed in a doctrine of a "caling" to fo God's work on Earth), passed laws to make simple pleasures stay simple, by forbiding certain human instincts (i.e. kissing in public). They shared what was called the "Protestant ethic", which was serious commitment to their work/taking part in worldly pursuits (concerned w/ material values/ordinary life, rather than spiritual existence).

6. What influences did Quakerism have in the development of Pennsylvania?

The Quakers were a lot more tolerant of race (very friendly with the nearby Indians) and religion. Unlike other early settlers and explorers, they treated the Native Americans with respect, and many formed unique colonies that thrived with the natives that lasted for almost a century, sometimes more. The humane Quakers strongly disliked slavery, making progress towards social reform. The Quaker, who loved peace, did not create any kind of military defense. There were no rules on immigration, and becoming a citizen was easy. The Quakers exported grain and other foods, since they were smart businesspeople. The colony boomed, in 19 years, exceeding the populations of every colony except the long-time established Virginia and Massachusetts.

The "Religious Society of Friends"

The official name for the Quakers.

Dutch Reformed Church (IS CATHOLIC!)

There are two main branches within the Reformed Church family tree in America: Dutch Reformed and German Reformed. Both branches represent churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church as part of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. The Dutch Reformed branch can be traced back to the Dutch settlers who gathered in New Amsterdam in 1628. Religious dissenters who opposed the official Dutch Reformed Church were seen w/ suspicion.

7. Describe the economy of the Middle Colonies.

They all: · Had fertile soil · Large amount of land · Had rivers (Susquehanna, the Delaware, and the Hudson) that interacted w/ the fur trade of America's middle/encouraged people to adventure into the backcountry. · A surprising amount of industry hummed in the middle colonies o Virgin forests was abundant for lumbering + shipbuilding o Deep river estuaries (tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream) + landlocked harbors spurred commerce/growth in seaports (i.e. New York/Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

Patroonship

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing 50 settlers to the property.

Massasoit

Wampanoag Indian chief; signed a treaty w/ the Plymouth Pilgrims (1621) + helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving after the fall harvests that same year.

Captain Myles Standish

Was important to the "Mayflower" pilgrims. Captain Myles Standish was nicknamed "Captain Shrimp", after being a strong/sturdily-built. He fought Indians and negotiated for the Mayflower.

John Winthrop

Was middle-class/educated Englishman. Was also a lawyer/manor lord back in England. Became the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governer, thinking he had a "calling" from God to lead the new religious experiement.He arrived during the Great Migration (in the 1630s). He was governor or deputy governor for 19 years. Why was he important? THe skills of settlers like John Winthrop helped Massachusetts become financially successful (in industries like fur trading/fishing/shipbuilding). This finally made the Massachusetts Bay Colony quickly turn into the biggest/most influential of the New England colonies.

Sir Edmund Andros

Was the leader of the Dominion of New England. He was an English military man and had absolute power. He wanted to do his work well/thoroughly, but he wasn't sensitive when it came to dealing w/ hard issues in the colony. When he placed his headquarters in Boston, full of Puritans, the colonists were hostile towards him b/c he openly belonged to the Church of England, which they had despised. The colonists were also mad @ his soldiers, who taught the colonists bad things like drinking, blasphemy, curse, + damn. Sir Edmund Andros restrained popular assemblies, taxed residents w/o the agreement of their elected representatives, + strictly enforced Navigation Laws. He placed heavy restrictions on the courts, press, + schools, + took away all land titles, + forcibly stopped smuggling. Sir Edmund Andros annoyed the colonists, who were used to much more liberty during years of neglect from England, that they were on the verge of revolt. Sir Edmund Andros tried to escape from the Boston mob after the Glorious Revolution by wearing women's clothes, but was found, and then shipped off to England by the English colonists.

New York (1664)

When New Netherland was only a secondary interest to the Dutch, they were intimidated by the English colonies to the North. Also, there were many New England immigrants that lived in New Netherland, so they could've gotten control from w/in the colony. The English colonies viewed the Dutch as intruders. In 1664, Charles II let his brother, the Duke of York (strong English army man), have the land the Dutch West Company Colony was inhabiting. They surrendered w/o firing any guns. New Amsterdam was later renamed New York (in honor of the Duke of York).. Here, England now had a great harbor that was located right in between the mainland colonies. The Hudson River also came through the middle. The English now colonized from Maine to the Carolinas.

5. Why is Pennsylvania called a "holy experiment"?

William Penn= wellborn Englishman who was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660, @ age 16, and went through lots of persecution for it. The courts viewed him as bold/rude. Penn knew Quakers already settled in Rhode Island, North Carolina, + New Jersey. His goal: wanted to create asylum (protection to one who has left their native country as a political refugee)/ experiment w/ liberal ideas in government/ make profit. 1681- William Pen/got a lot of fertile land from the English King, since the English royals had already had a monetary debt that was owed to William Penn's dead father. Penn named this place "Pennsylvania" ("Penn's Woodland") to honor his dead dad. Although he tried to change the name later, scared that people might think he named it after himself, couldn't change the name. -Penn advertised Pennsylvania sent paid agents+sent out pamphlets in English, Dutch, French, and German. Penn really wanted=forward-looking spirits, substantial citizens (like hard-working carpenters, masons, shoemakers, and other manual workers) to come there. He was truthful in what he told people abut Pennsylvania. Many immigrants wanted to go to Pennsylvania b/c there was a "liberal land policy, which encouraged substantial holdings." (?) **Penn believed that the charter was a gift from God, "that an example may be set up to the nations: there may be room there, though not here, for such an holy experiment." This "experiment," Penn believed, would be a success only if the colony was settled with people of virtue, whose spirituality would shape Pennsylvania society, law, and politics. A member of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers as they were derisively called, Penn shared with his coreligionists a belief that, by virtue of their direct knowledge of and communion with God's divine authority, their precepts of religious liberty, political freedom, and pacifism were bound to take root in the new colony. The first law the assembly passed guaranteed religious liberty and toleration for all who "shall confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the world." The spiritual, legal, and political commitment to religious toleration loomed large to those Friends who had been persecuted in England. Economic, political, and religious divisions, however, undermined the colony's spiritual foundations within a few years of its establishment. An ineffective council, designated by Penn to be the executive branch of government in his absence, could do little to uphold the experiment's ideals. Most historians agree that between Penn's departure for England in 1684 and his return to the colony in 1699, the political ideals inherent in the Holy Experiment largely failed. (refer to p. 54-55).**

Quakers

a group of dissenters. Rose in England in the mid-1600s. Their name originated b/c they apparently "quaked" under deep religious emotion. The Quakers offended religious +civil leaders; the Quakers refused to support the Church of England with taxes, built meetinghouses, congregated w/o a paid clergy, + "spoke up" when they felt moved in these meetings. Quakers thought they were all children in God's eyes, they kept on their broad-rimmed hats when the English was around, and addressed them with "thee"/"thou" instead of using the normal titles. Quakers wouldn't take oaths b/c Jesus told them not to swear @ all, which made English government officials really angry when they needed to "test oaths" to prove someone was not a Roman Catholic. Quakers hated war and refused to serve in the military. THEY HAD WANTED PASSIVE RESISTANCE. Simple, devoted, democratic people, struggling w. their own moral rules to ultimately get religious/civic freedom. many thousand Quakers died from being treated horribly, fined, flogged, or put into damp/cold/musty prisons.

6. Why was Rhode Island called a "sewer"?

• Rhode Island was a "sewer" b/c this was where Roger Williams created the first Baptist Church, demanding freedom of religion (even for Jews/Catholics). Soon after, many dissatified people/exiles came to Rhode Island. SOme of them couldn't stand the stifling theological atmostphere of the Bay Colony. They all had one thing in common: they were not welcome in any other place. The Puritans views Rhode Island, w/ all the non_puritans/misfits, as a "sewer" of the "Lord's debris", or garbage.

-Penn advertised Pennsylvania sent paid agents+sent out pamphlets in English, Dutch, French, and German. Penn really wanted

forward-looking spirits, substantial citizens (like hard-working carpenters, masons, shoemakers, and other manual workers) to come there. He was truthful in what he told people abut Pennsylvania. Many immigrants wanted to go to Pennsylvania b/c there was a "liberal land policy, which encouraged substantial holdings." (?). PENN OFFICIALLY LAUNCHED HIS COLONY IN 1681.

New England Confederation (1643)

four colonies united together. The colonists didn't have any resources from England, b/c the English Civil War was deeply distracting England. Purpose of the New England Confederation= to defend themselves against enemies or could-be enemies (like the Indians, the French, and the Dutch). The New England Confederation also held the power to make legal decisions/judgments on problems across the colonies, like runaway servants/criminals who fled from one colony to go to another. Each member colony of the New England Confederation had two votes, which made the Massachusetts Bay Company mad, because it was one of the biggest colonies. They were mad that even the smaller colonies in the New England Confederation got two votes as well. The New England Confederation was essentially a "Puritan Club", exclusive to the other outside religions. The New England Confederation had two Massachusetts colonies: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the Plymouth Colony (which was very very tiny), and the two Connecticut colonies: the New Haven Colony and the scattered valley settlements. The Puritan leader who were apart of the New England Confederation denied to have Rhode Island or the Maine outposts (colonies??) be a part of it, b/c they thought too many people who committed heresy (holding an opinion @ odds with what is generally accepted)/objectionable people. (i.e. one of the Maine towns made a tailor its mayor, and housed an excommunicated minister of the gospel. Significance of the New England Confederation= the New England Confederation was the first notable milestone on the road to unifying all the colonies. It was the first time delegates took steps to acting together on matters concerning colonial importance. Normal colonists got valuable experience in representing their votes to properly chosen representatives.

Wampanoag Indians

local Indians who befriended the Plymouth Rock settlers. B/f, the Pilgrims arrived in 1620, an epidemic (maybe from English fisherman) killed 75% of the coastal tribes. When the Pilgrims arrived, they saw the open land + the skulls, which frightened them and told them what had been going on there.

tidewater South

the coastal plain of the South: eastern parts of Virginia and North Carolina and South Carolina and Georgia

General Court

the freeman elected the governor/his assistant/ a representative assembly called the General Court. But only Puritans could be "freemen". The Massachusetts General Court (formally styled, The General Court of Massachusetts) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The name "General Court" is a hold-over from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, when the colonial assembly, in addition to making laws, sat as a judicial court of appeals.

William Penn

wellborn Englishman who was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660, @ age 16, and went through lots of persecution for it. The courts viewed him as bold/rude. Penn knew Quakers already settled in Rhode Island, North Carolina, + New Jersey. His goal: wanted to create asylum (protection to one who has left their native country as a political refugee)/ experiment w/ liberal ideas in government/ make profit. 1681- William Pen/got a lot of fertile land from the English King, since the English royals had already had a monetary debt that was owed to William Penn's dead father. Penn named this place "Pennsylvania" ("Penn's Woodland") to honor his dead dad. Although he tried to change the name later, scared that people might think he named it after himself, couldn't change the name.

"bread colonies"

what Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey came to be known as. Named after their heavy grain exports.

8. In what ways were Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and New York "middle" colonies?

· B/c they were in between New England and the southern plantation group: o Landholdings were generally medium-sized (excluding the aristocratic New York) o Local government lay somewhere in b/t the personalized town meeting of New England and the diffused country government of the South. o The middle colonies had fewer industries the New England had, but the middle colonies had more industries than the South did. o Arguably the most American ü More ethnically-mixed populations than other settlements ü Religious toleration (i.e. Quakers) ü Democratic control ü Land that was wanted was more easily gotten (compared to both New England and the South), leading to more economic/social democracy (except for the aristocratic New York). • **The Middle Colonies were not as cohesive as the New England colonies because colonists in this region were not united by single religion or code of beliefs.**

2. What was the purpose of the Dominion of New England and why was it particularly resented in Massachusetts?

· Dominion of New England (1686)= Administrative union created by royal authority (back in London, England), incorporating all of New York, + East and West New Jersey. Another one of its goals= make colonial defense stronger, just in case a war with the Indians vs. the colonists were to happen. The imperial Parliament viewed this was the move of an experienced political leader. Placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros who restrained popular assemblies, taxed residents w/o their agreement, + strictly enforced Navigation Laws. Its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control. Massachusetts was initially humiliated when the Dominion of New England was created. · Sir Edmund Andros= Was the leader of the Dominion of New England. He was an English military man and had absolute power. He wanted to do his work well/thoroughly, but he wasn't sensitive when it came to dealing w/ hard issues in the colony. When he placed his headquarters in Boston, full of Puritans, the colonists were hostile towards him b/c he openly belonged to the Church of England, which they had despised. The colonists were also mad @ his soldiers, who taught the colonists bad things like drinking, blasphemy, curse, + damn. Sir Edmund Andros restrained popular assemblies, taxed residents w/o the agreement of their elected representatives, + strictly enforced Navigation Laws. He placed heavy restrictions on the courts, press, + schools, + took away all land titles, + forcibly stopped smuggling. Sir Edmund Andros annoyed the colonists, who were used to much more liberty during years of neglect from England, that they were on the verge of revolt. Sir Edmund Andros tried to escape from the Boston mob after the Glorious Revolution by wearing women's clothes, but was found, and then shipped off to England by the English colonists. · 1688-1689= The Glorious Revolution, where the people of England dethroned the despotic/unpopular Catholic James II, and enthroned the Protestant rulers of the Netherlands: the Dutch-born William III and his English wife, Mary II (daughter of James I). when new of the Glorious Revolution reached America, the collapsing Dominion of New England finally collapsed all the way. A mob was created in Boston, Massachusetts, who was inspired by the Glorious Revolution back in England w/ the English people. o From the Boston mob, Massachusetts didn't benefit. Their past charter was now gone, which discouraged the proud Puritans. And now, voting was allowed to all qualified males who held property, and voting was not exclusive to the church members anymore.

3. What role did "patroonships" play in the settlement of New Netherland?

· New Amsterdam= Was IN New Netherland. Dutch West India Company Bought Manhattan Island from the Indians; 22 thousand acres for pennies per acre. Now it is perhaps the most valuable real estate in the world. Is now New York City. New Amsterdam was a company town, meaning it was run by and for the Dutch Company ,in the interests of stockholders. The investors didn't care about religious toleration/free speech/ or democratic practices. The governors appointed by the company as directors-general were normally harsh/despotic. Religious dissenters who opposed the official Dutch Reformed Church were seen w/ suspicion, and for a while, Quakers were violently/uncontrollably abused. As a response to the repetitive protests by the annoyed colonists, a local body w/ limited lawmaking power was finally established. The New Amsterdam Dutch Colony took on a strong aristocratic tint, which it kept for many many years after. "Patroonships", which were vast tracts of land (w/ feudal estates on them) along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing 50 settlers to the property. As a result, people from many different countries/cultures went to New Amsterdam (which is usual in seaport towns, which Amsterdam was). 23 Jews arrived (1654) escaping religious persecution from the Catholic Brazil. New Amsterdam became known as a haven for the homeless/the harried. Before patroonships, the investors didn't care about religious toleration/free speech/ or democratic practices. Before, religious dissenters who opposed the official Dutch Reformed Church were seen w/ suspicion. Before, the directors-general were usually harsh/rules cruelly/oppressively.

1. What was the purpose of the New England Confederation and why does the author consider it to be "path-breaking"?

· Purpose of the New England Confederation= to defend themselves against enemies or could-be enemies (like the Indians, the French, and the Dutch). The New England Confederation also held the power to make legal decisions/judgments on problems across the colonies, like runaway servants/criminals who fled from one colony to go to another. Each member colony of the New England Confederation had two votes, which made the Massachusetts Bay Company mad, because it was one of the biggest colonies. They were mad that even the smaller colonies in the New England Confederation got two votes as well. The New England Confederation was essentially a "Puritan Club", exclusive to the other outside religions. The New England Confederation had two Massachusetts colonies: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the Plymouth Colony (which was very very tiny), and the two Connecticut colonies: the New Haven Colony and the scattered valley settlements. The Puritan leader who were apart of the New England Confederation denied to have Rhode Island or the Maine outposts (colonies??) be a part of it, b/c they thought too many people who committed heresy (holding an opinion @ odds with what is generally accepted)/objectionable people. (i.e. one of the Maine towns made a tailor its mayor, and housed an excommunicated minister of the gospel. · Significance of the New England Confederation= the New England Confederation was the first notable milestone on the road to unifying all the colonies. It was the first time delegates took steps to acting together on matters concerning colonial importance. Normal colonists got valuable experience in representing their votes to properly chosen representatives. · Massachusetts seem to have the most defiance against England, after King Charles II was brought back to get the English throne (1660). This meant that the royalist/the Church of England allies were now back in control. The hopes of Puritans, to purify the Church of England, became greatly discouraged. Also, Charles II wanted to have aggressive/active power to manage the colonies, but this opposed the independence that the colonists were used to. When English officials heard that the colonists in Massachusetts were not obeying the royal orders of King Charles II, Charles II punished the Massachusetts Bay Colony by giving their rival colony, Connecticut, a sea-to-sea charter grant (1662), making the "squatter settlements" legal. A year later, in Rhode Island, where all the outcasts/misfits lived, got a new charter, approved by the king. The king approved the most religiously-open/tolerant colony in America, yet. · 1684= final blow to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, when London authorities took away its very important/precious charter.

4. What Dutch "residues" remain in New York?

· What happened: New York (1664)= When New Netherland was only a secondary interest to the Dutch, they were intimidated by the English colonies to the North. Also, there were many New England immigrants that lived in New Netherland, so they could've gotten control from w/in the colony. The English colonies viewed the Dutch as intruders. In 1664, Charles II let his brother, the Duke of York (strong English army man), have the land the Dutch West Company Colony was inhabiting. They surrendered w/o firing any guns. New Amsterdam was later renamed New York (in honor of the Duke of York).. Here, England now had a great harbor that was located right in between the mainland colonies. The Hudson River also came through the middle. The English now colonized from Maine to the Carolinas. · Dutch still have autocracy. · New York- · Families who owned land—like the Livingstons + the DeLanceys—had a disproportionate amount of power compared to the rest of New York. The monopoly of land (exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market) and the aristocratic atmosphere made many European immigrants not want to settle there. As a result, New York did not physical grow much. · Also, there are Dutch names of neighborhoods still today, like Brooklyn, Harlem, + Hell Gate. · The Dutch left their mark on New York's gambrel-roofed (like that of a barn) architecture too. · Dutch social customs/traditions still here: Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, + golf.

What did Governor John Winthrop mean when he said that Massachusetts would be "a city upon a hill"?

• "city upon a hill"= Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony said "We shall be as a city upon a hill", meaning the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be *a role-model to everyone else to shape their lives/functions after.* Colonists thought they had an agreement w/ God to build a holy society that would be a model to the rest of mankind. Why important? It showed that most of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlers held a shared sense of purpose.

Why did several "non-conformist" (a person who does not behave the way most people behave/someone who does not conform) Protestant sects develop in England in the early 1600s?

• Puritans= Came from the woolen districts. Calianism reached out to the Puritans in social unrest/ gave spiritual comfort to the poorer people. • As time went on, the Puritans became very unhappy over the extremely slow Protestant Reformation over in England (b/c they wanted to see England completely to have completely gotten rid of Catholicism). • The most religious Puritans believed only "visible saints" sould get membership to the church. When the Church of England allowed all the "king's subjects", the deeply religious Puritans didn't think it was okay to share the Church with the "damned". • English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals/creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership. Most came from commercially-depressed woolen districts. o Separatists (a non-conformist Protestant sect) were a small group of Puritans who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England. They were appalled by the "unholy fraternizing" of people who were not "visible saints" in their church (the Church of England). They didn't want to keep sharing pews/communion rails with the "damned", or the people who were not "visible saints". After initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts (1620). o King James I of England was the leader of both the church of England and the state (1603-1625), but knew that the people who would disagree w/ him as a spiritual leader (like the Separatists!) might possibly disagree/rebel against him as a political (state) leader. B/c of this, King James I of England threatened to harass the more troublesome separatists out of the land.

5. Why did religious dissent develop in Massachusetts?

• Quakers-> Quakers who disregarded the authority of the Puritan religious leaders, were fined/beat with a rod or whip/banished. One woman was even hung on the Boston Common. • Anne Hutchinson-> Anne Hutchinson= Anne Hutchinson opposed Puritan orthodoxy. She was an unusually smart/determined/outgoing woman. Had 14 children. She criticized the Puritan doctrine of Predestination, saying that a holy life didn't ensure salvation, + those who were truly saved didn't need to follow man or God's law. This was "antinomianusm" (meaning "against the law" in Greek). Puritans banished her, she moved to Rhode Island, then New York, where her whole family was killed by Indians except for her + 1 other family member. • Roger Williams-> Roger Williams= A popular Salem minister and EXTREME SEPARATIST, who threatedned the Puritan leaders. He was a young man w/ radical ideas/ wouldn't stop spreading his thoughts to the people around him. He wanted his fellow separatist clergymen to quickly leave the corrupt Church of England. Roger Williams also opposed the legalness the the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter, disapproved it b/c they took away the Massachusetts land they had settled on from the Indians w/o paying them back fairly. He disagreed that the government should regulate religious behavior, as they had been doing in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (was a blow to the Puritan idea of government's very purpose). 1635= The Bay Colony Puritans were sick of him spreading new/dangerous thoughts, + wanted him banished to England, but Roger WIlliams made sure this didn't happen.