Ch35 Deuterostomes

Which of the following has allowed mammals to conserve heat and move into colder climates? (Select all that apply.) -feathers -scales -hair -fur

-hair -fur

When did sharks and bony fish first evolve? -The early Ordovician (480 mya) -The early Devonian (400 mya) -The mid-Jurassic (175 mya) -The late Carboniferous (300 mya)

The early Devonian (400 mya)

An ostracoderm is an ancient fish characterized by which of the following? -teethe, which evolved from rough scales on the skin -an upper jaw that was fused to the skull -a cartilaginous skeleton and snakes with small plates of bones -a bony head shield and cartilaginous skeleton

a bony head shield and cartilaginous skeleton

Mammals, as a group, possess a variety of teeth, which allows them to do which of the following? -develop a specialized jaw articulation -maintain a high metabolism -adapt to different types of diets -out compete dinosaurs

adapt to different types of diets

The _____ egg is considered to be a "key innovation" because it permitted animals to lay their eggs in a greater variety of environments.

amniotic

_____ were the first terrestrial vertebrates.

amphibians

Jaws evolved from the anterior gill _____ of ancient, jawless fish.

arches

When did bony fishes evolve? -much earlier than sharks -at the same time as sharks -several hundred million years after sharks

at the same time as sharks

Which of the following mammals are capable of powered flight? -sugar gliders -bats -flying lemurs -pygmy gliding possums -flying squirrels

bats

The most species-rich group of vertebrates are the _____ fishes.

bony

Which of the following is greatly enlarged in birds, which have evolved the ability for powered flight? -breastbone -clavicle -femur -pelvic girdle

breastbone

Which of the following accurately describe how bony fish retire while remaining stationary in water? -by dermal respiration -by filtering water through the operculum, which contains many blood vessels -by gulping air from the surface -by opening and closing the operculum, which draws water over the gills

by opening and closing the operculum, which draws water over the gills

Members of a highly specialized group of burrowing amphibians belong to the order Apoda and are commonly known as the ______.

caecilians

Urochordate larva exhibit all the basic characteristics of ______, while adults do not.

chordates

Among the membranes of the amniotic egg, the _____ allows the exchange of respiratory gases, but does not allow the passage of water.

chorion

Which of the following are the closest living relative of chordates? -arthropods -echinoderms -mollusks -annelids -cnidarians

echinoderms

Since all living reptiles need to get their energy from external sources they are best described as which of the following? -Endotherms -Synapsids -Viviparous -Ectotherms -Anapsids

ectotherms

Many amphibians return to water to reproduce because their _____ lack a shell and are not resistant to desiccation.

eggs

Animals that are able to generate their body heat internally are best described as with of the following? -synapsid -endothermic -mammals -ectothermic -anapsid

endothermic

There are more species of _____ than all other vertebrates combined.

fishes

All mammals have ______, although some have more than others.

hair

The two characteristics that are absolutely unique to mammals are ______ and _______ glands.

hair; mammary

During sexual reproduction in modern reptiles, the male places sperm inside the female so that the egg and sperm can fuse before development of the outer egg membranes. This is called _______ _________.

internal fertilization

The amniotic egg has a tough, protective shell. Because of this, sperm cannot access the egg once it has been laid. Therefore, many amniotes have which of the following? -internal fertilization -a placenta -sperm capable of passing through a shell -external fertilization

internal fertilization

The jaw is considered a key innovation because of which of the following? -it enabled communication in vertebrates. -it enabled vertebrates to eat large and more difficult prey. -it enabled the development of sensory structures. -it enabled the evolution of the mouth

it enabled vertebrates to eat large and more difficult prey

Which of the following accurately describes the water-vascular system of echinoderms? -it is a straight tube open t both end -it is ring shaped -it is a U-shaped structure

it is ring shaped

Which of the following is true concerning the nerve cord in lancelets? -it persists only during metamorphosis -it persists only throughout the larval stage -it appears only throughout the adult stage -it persists throughout life

it persists throughout life

The evolutionary advent of hinged _____ was significant because it enabled animals to grip prey more firmly, and to attack larger species, thus increasing the available food supply.

jaws

Which of the following was a major development in the course of vertebrate evolution that occurred during the late Silurian period? -gills -vertebrae -skull -jaws

jaws

The skeleton of a shark is made of cartilage interspersed with granules of calcium carbonate. Relative to other types of skeletons, this particular composition results in a skeleton which is particularly ______ and ______.

light; strong

The ______ - finned fishes evolved 390 may, shortly after the first bony fishes appeared in the fossil record.

lobe

Paleontologists agree that amphibians evolved from _____ - ______ ______.

lobe-finned fish

The class Sarcopterygii contains which of the following fishes? -armored fishes -ray-finned fishes -lobe-finned fishes -cartilaginous fishes

lobe-finned fishes

Two groups of vertebrates are endothermic, namely the _____ and the ______ (common names).

mammals; birds

All female animals possess _____ glands, which secrete a protein and fat rich liquid that can nourish their newborns.

mammary

The mammalian subclass Prototheria contains only the order: -perissodactyla -rodentia -carnivora -monotremata -proboscidea

monotremata

which of the following lay eggs, as opposed to bearing live young? -marsupials -metatherians -monotremes -eutherians -placentals

monotremes

Which of the following is a single, hollow structures that runs just beneath the dorsal surface of chordates, and which differentiates into the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates? -pharyngeal ouches -nerve cord -notochord -vertebral column

nerve cord

The _____ may persist in some chordate; in others it is replaced during embryonic development by the vertebral column.

notochord

Which of the following is not a shared derived characteristic of vertebrates? -closed circulatory system with heart. -liver and kidneys -endoskeleton -vertebral column -notochord -head

notochord

Which of the following is the largest of the bird orders? -apodiformes -psittaciformes -piciformes -passeriformes

passeriformes

In most mammals, a specialized organ, the _____, allows for food, oxygen and water to be delivered from mother to child. The same organ is used to eliminate the growing fetus' wastes.

placenta

Scaly feet and shelled eggs are features that reflect the _____ ancestry of birds.

reptilian

Feathers are modified versions of which of the following? -teeth -hair -scales -skin

scales

Feathers have pairs of vanes emerging from opposite sides of the _____. Each vane has branches called barbs, which, in turn, have projections called ______ with microscopic hooks that link the barbs together.

shaft; barbules

Skates and rays are dorsoventrally flattened relatives of _______.

sharks

The _____ of Chondrichthyans is made of cartilage, as opposed to bone.

skeleton

Bony fish have a bony _____ and ______ - covered skin.

skeleton; scale

_____ have chordate larval forms, which metamorphose into sessile, filter-feeding adults that bear little resemblance to other chordates.

tunicates

Nonvertebrate chordates do not form _____ or other bones.

vertebrae

Vertebrates differ from the tunicates and lancelets in several ways. Two of the most important features that differentiated vertebrates are a ______ _______ and a ______ with well developed sensory organs.

vertebral column; head

The first representative of these animals evolved in the oceans during the Cambrian period, roughly 545 million years ago. -invertebrates -mammals -vertebrates -reptiles

vertebrates

The mammalian subclass Theria consists of ______ mammals. The group includes both placental mammals and marsupials, but excludes the monotremes because they lay ______.

viviparous; eggs

In echinoderms, a hydraulic system called the _____ - vascular system aids in movement and feeding.

water

Which of the following is true of the yolk sac of the amniotic egg? -it provides gas exchange between the embryo and the air -it is a disposal sac for metallic wastes -it provides nutrients for the developing embryo -it provides the embryo in a fluid-filled sac

-it provides nutrients for the developing embryo

Which of the following organisms is a member of the largest class of echinoderms?

A brittle star

Frogs and toads belong to the order______.

Anura

Members of the amphibian order ______ are charecterized by a snakelike body with no limbs and little to no tail. They are often times blind (or have very small eyes.)

Apoda

Sea stars are in the class _____.

Asteroidea

Amphibians first became common during the ______ period.

Carboniferous

Lancelets, which are members of the subphylum _____, are small, marine chordates.

Cephalochordata

Lancelets belong to which phylum? -Urochordata -Cephalochordata -Chordata

Chordata

Members of the phylum _____ are characterized by a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a postnatal tail.

Chordata

Sea urchins and sand dollars belong to which of the following classes? -crinoidea -holothuroidea -ophiuroidea -echinoidea -asteroidea

Echinoidea

Brittle stars are in the class ______.

Ophiuroidea

The endoskeleton of an exhinoderm consists of which of the following? -Ossicles made of calcium carbonate. -Sheets of tissue embedded with chitin. -Bones made of calcium carbonate and chitin

Ossicles made of calcium carbonate

Which of the following are characteristics of most mammals? (Select all that apply.) -They have mammary glands. -They have a placenta. -They have hair. -Most are carnivores. -They are endothermic. -Most are very large.

-They have mammary glands -They have a placenta -They have hair -They are endothermic

Vertebrates can be differentiated from the tunicates and lancelets on the basis of several features. Which two of the following are the most important differentiating features? (Select all that apply.) -pharyngeal pouches -a notochord -a postanal tail -a vertebral column -a distinct head

-a vertebral column -a distinct head

Which of the following are orders of living amphibians? (Select all that apply.) -anura -apaoda -rhynchocephalia -caudata -squamata -chelonia

-anura -apoda -caudata

Select the 3 key characteristics of reptiles. (Select all that apply.) -viviparous -dry skin -large body size -thoracic breathing -metamorphosis -amniotic aggs

-dry skin -thoracic breathing -amniotic eggs

Which of the following are key characteristics of birds? (Select all that apply.) -ectothermic -feathers -skeleton made of thin, hollow bones -two-chambered heart

-feathers -skeleton made of thin, hollow bones

Which of the following are kay characteristics of Anurans? (Select all that apply.) -slender body -snakelike body -long limbs and tail -large head and a broad, compact body -tailless body -rear limbs specialized for jumping

-large head and a broad, compact body -tailless body -rear limbs specialized for jumping

Which of the following groups of vertebrates are endothermic? (Select all that apply.) -Fishes -Mammals -Reptiles -Amphibians -Birds

-mammals -birds

Which of the following are features that are unique to mammals among vertebrates? (Select all that apply.) -amniotic eggs -claws -mammary glands -endothermy -high metabolism -hair

-mammary glands -hair

Which of the following are a part of the subclass Theria? (Select all that apply.) -marsupials -placental mammals -monotemes

-marsupials -placental mammals

Which of the following are features of bony fishes? (Select all that apply.) -most bony fishes exhibit internal fertilization -most have a scale-covered skin -al have a bony skeleton -all bony fishes have lungs

-most have a scale-covered skin -all have a bony skeleton

Which of the following are found in vertebrae, but not tunicates or lancelets? (Select all that apply..) -a notochord -neural crest cells -a distinct head -pharyngeal slits -vertebrae

-neural crest cells -a distinct head -vertebrae

Which of the following features could have been present in the earliest of vertebrates? (Select all that apply.) -notochord -a jaw -paired fins -a mouth -vertebral column

-notochord -a mouth -vertebral column

Which of the following are key (defining) features of jawed fishes? (Select all that apply.) -Paired appendages -Internal gills -Internal organs -A vertebral column -Nutritional deficiencies -A tail -Single-loop circulation -An endoskeleton

-paired appendages -internal gills -a vertebral column -nutritional deficiencies -single-loop circulation

Which of the following groups of vertebrates are paraphyletic? (Select all that apply.) -reptiles -fish -mammals -birds -amphibians

-reptiles -fish

Modern amphibians include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) -salamanders -caecilians -chelonians -lungfishes -frogs -tuataras

-salamanders -caecilians -frogs

Which of the following are major groups of bony fishes? (Select all that apply.) -sarcopterygii -chondrichthyes -actinopterygii -cephalaspidomorphi -myxini

-sarcopterygii -actinopterygii

Which of the following structures are used for gas exchange in echinoderms? (Select all that apply.) -the body surface -Malpighian tubules -gills -tube feet -tacheae

-the body surface -tube feet

Which of the following adaptations were particularly important in the success of the bony fishes? (Select all that apply.) -the lateral line system -the swim bladder -gill arches -the gill cover

-the swim bladder -the gill cover

in what ways are crocodiles and birds similar? -they are ectoderms -they have a 4 chambered heart -they have light air filled bones -they build nests -they care for their offspring

-they have a 4 chambered heart -they build nests -they care for their offspring

Which of the following characteristics are typical of the class Ophiuroidea? (Select all that apply.) -they lack an anus -their arms are rarely broken off -their arms taper gradually into a central disk -their tube feet are use for feeding, not locomotion -they are nearly solid

-they lack an anus -their tube feet are use for feeding, not locomotion -they are nearly solid

The placoderm jaw was much improved over the more primitive jaw of spiny fishes, with the upper jaw fused to the ______, which in turn was hinged to the shoulder.

skull

Which of the following accurately describe reptiles that have one lateral temporal opening? -diapsids -anapsids -synapsids

synapsids

Which of the following features of sharks contain dentin and enamel and evolved from rough scales on the skin? -spiracles -dermal denticals -the lateral line system -teeth

teeth

Archeopteryx shared several characteristics with the small theropod dinosaurs it descended from. For example, it had ______ in its beak and, unlike modern birds, very few of its ______ were fused together.

teeth; bones

Which of the following functions as a disposal sac for metabolic wastes? -the amnion -the chorion -the allantois -the yolk sac

the allantois

Which of the following groups is characterized by the presence of four membranes in the embryonic development and includes the mammals, crocodiles, turtles, birds, snakes, and lizards? -the tetrapods -the caecilians -the amniotes -the non-avian reptiles

the amniotes

The evolution of the first vertebrates occurred in which of the following places? -the saltwater lakes -the freshwater lakes -the streams -the ocean -the swampy terrestrial environments

the ocean

Which of the following covers the gills in bony fishes? -the pharynx -the swim bladder -the operculum -the claspers

the operculum

A gas-filled structure that contributes to buoyancy in bony fishes is called which of the following? -the lateral line system -the pharynx -the operculum -the lung -the swim bladder

the swim bladder

The group of dinosaurs that gave rise to birds were the _____.

theropods

Of all chordates, ______ have the most primitive combination of features.

tunicates

Which of the following has the most primitive combination of features found in any chordate? -ray-finned fish -hagfish -lancelets -tunicates

tunicates