CH4 FED GOV

In which decade did the election of "tough on crime" candidates lead to state legislatures enacting stiffer penalties for crime while also limiting judges' abilities to reduce sentences for nonviolent crimes of first-time offenders?

1990s

What has the Supreme Court ruled concerning police use of modern technology, such as listening or thermal-imaging devices, to investigate a subject?

A search warrant is required, just as it would be for other circumstances.

England's ______ gave members of Protestant sects the right to worship freely and publicly. The first Amendment reflects this tradition.

Act of Toleration

Select all that apply The free-exercise clause has been interpreted to mean that ______.

Americans cannot always act on their religious beliefs if they conflict with other laws Americans can hold any religious belief of their choosing

Sixth Amendment

Choice, right to a jury trial, an attorney, and to confront witnesses right to a jury trial, an attorney, and to confront witnesses

Based on the exclusionary rule, evidence that is illegally obtained can normally be used in a trial.

False

Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals from testifying against themselves in a court of law?

Fifth

Which of the following statements is true regarding freedom of the press?

Freedom of the press receives strong judicial protection.

the use of contraceptives by a married couple

Griswold v. Connecticut is the landmark case that established the right to privacy. The case involved the question of whether a state can prohibit ______.

The Supreme Court upheld the forced relocation of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II in which of the following cases?

Korematsu v. United States

The Supreme Court determined that privacy rights extend to consensual activity between same-sex partners in ______.

Lawrence v. Texas

Which of the following cases established that law enforcement officers must advise detainees of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, before beginning questioning in a criminal investigation?

Miranda v. Arizona

The Supreme Court decision that determined that the right to privacy extended to include abortion is ______.

Roe v. Wade

In Schenck v. United States (1919), Justice Holmes used which analogy in upholding the government's right to restrict speech that poses a clear and present danger?

The First Amendment does not permit a person to falsely yell "Fire" in a crowded theater.

The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States established which principle?

The federal government can restrict free expression but it does not have unlimited authority to do so.

True or false: Although it is a core principle for most Americans, the right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.

True

The exclusionary rule is based on the Supreme Court decision in ______.

Weeks v. United States

procedural due process

Which term describes the set of procedures authorities must follow before a person can be lawfully punished for an offense?

The Second Amendment protects and supports which of the following?

a well-regulated militia the right to keep and bear arms

In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that states cannot lawfully ______.

ban sexual relations between consenting same-sex adults

Select all that apply In following the Eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court has used which of the following tests to determine if an action constitutes cruel and unusual punishment?

determining whether a punishment is "disproportionate to the offence" determining if a punishment is "unnecessarily cruel" determining if a punishment violates "fundamental standards of good conscience and fairness"

Freedom of _____________ is the right of individual Americans to hold and communicate thoughts of their choosing.

expression

Select all that apply The establishment clause of the Constitution restricts which of the following?

government from supporting religion over no religion government from favoring one religion over another

The Sedition Act of 1798 attempted to ______.

make it a crime to publish stories that are harshly critical of the president

Select all that apply The Bill of Rights protects a number of civil liberties, including freedom _____

of the press of speech of assembly

free-exercise clause

prohibits the government from interfering with individuals' practice of their religion

Eighth Amendment

protection against cruel and unusual punishment protection against cruel and unusual punishment

Fifth Amendment

protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy

Fourth Amendment

protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Second Amendment

right to bear arms

First Amendment

right to speech, press, assembly and religion

Which of the following acts of legislation after the September 11 terrorist attacks gave government greater surveillance power to monitor phone calls and emails without a warrant or court order?

the USA Patriot Act

Select all that apply What are the religious clauses in the First Amendment? (Choose every correct answer.)

the establishment clause the free-exercise clause

The 1977 Supreme Court case that provided guidance on the allowable restrictions on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly upheld which of the following?

the right of an American Nazi Party group to hold a parade in Skokie, a city with a large Jewish population that included Holocaust survivors

Which of the following is a right of the accused that is protected by the Fifth Amendment?

to have a grand jury weigh the prosecution's evidence

In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court ruled that restrictions on abortion were legal so long as they didn't place an ______ ____ on a woman's right to obtain an abortion.

undue burden

Select all that apply Freedom of expression, provided by the First Amendment, allows Americans to ______.

write or publish almost anything, with some limits communicate thoughts of their choosing

Which of the following is likely to convince a judge that police should be issued a search warrant?

establishing probable cause for believing a crime has been committed

In Engle v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court ruled against the reciting of prayers in public schools on grounds it violates the ______.

establishment clause

The ______ clause of the First Amendment bans the state from helping religious institutions, whereas the ______ clause bans the state from restricting the free practice of religion by individuals.

establishment; free-exercise

Select all that apply Which of the following are considered civil liberties?

freedom of speech freedom of religion right to a fair trial

The right of an individual to be left alone without any interference from others is known as the right to ______.

privacy

What was the name of the 1798 law that criminalized any speech or writings critical of the government, Congress, or the president?

the Sedition Act

Select all that apply In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that enemy combatant detainees were protected by which of the following?

the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice the Geneva Convention

The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects ______.

the right of the people to keep and bear arms

Which of the following is not considered a Sixth Amendment protection?

the right to bear arms

Select all that apply Which of the following constitutional protections were at issue in the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?

the right to remain silent the right to an attorney

In the case of Korematsu v. United States (1944), the courts ______.

allowed government polices during wartime that would not be allowed in times of peace

Select all that apply The Supreme Court has recently employed the Eighth Amendment to ban which of the following?

life sentences without parole for juveniles the death penalty for juveniles the death penalty for the mentally ill

In Hamden v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of secret military tribunals to try detainees accused of terrorism was ______, as detainees were entitled to a trial affording all the guarantees contained in the Constitution.

unconstitutional

Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures?

Fourth

Law enforcement officials sometimes controversially rely on the practice of _____________ __________________ , the assumption that certain groups of people are more likely to commit particular crimes.

Racial Profiling

According to this test, before speech can be restricted, the government must clearly demonstrate that a citizen's expression presents a very obvious and real danger to the public safety.

clear-and-present-danger test

The USA Patriot Act was passed in order to ______.

combat terrorism

The First Amendment protection that makes it illegal for the government to enact laws that restrict the free practice of religion by any individual is known as the ______.

free-exercise clause

Regarding freedom of the press, the Supreme Court has generally upheld the principle of no prior restraint. This principle means that ______.

government generally cannot stop the news media from reporting a story

The Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners should generally appeal their cases first ______.

in state courts

Which of these groups is typically more protective of individual rights?

judges

Constitutional guarantees that protect citizens' individual rights are known as civil

liberties

The Supreme Court has generally held that those convicted in state courts and who appeal on the grounds that their federal constitutional rights were violated are limited to ______.

one appeal

establishment clause

requires government neutrality toward religious institutions

In a 2010 CNN survey, 2 in 5 Americans stated that individuals arrested by police on suspicion of terrorism ______.

should not be read their Miranda rights