ch4: Inductive & Deductive Reasoning

b)The conclusion must be rejected.

The conclusion is more probable. a)The conclusion is more probable. b)The conclusion must be rejected. c)The conclusion must be the premise. d)The conclusion is probably still true. We just have to keep looking. e)The conclusion can still be considered true, just unsupported.

d)All of these are correct.

What makes an argument valid? a)The conclusion holds up logically. b)The premises are correct. c)It is not a non sequitur. d)All of these are correct.

b)Margin of error

What measures the amount of uncertainty about the generalization of the results in a survey? a)Probability b)Margin of error c)Anecdotal evidence d)Control

c)Method of Agreement

Which method of causal reasoning seeks to only establish common factors in multiple cases with the same outcome? a)Method of Difference b)Method of Concomitant Variation c)Method of Agreement d)Joint Method of Agreement and Difference

c)John Stuart Mill

Who developed methods for causal reasoning? a)John Locke b)Rene Descartes c)John Stuart Mill d)Voltaire

d)Deductive reasoning

'All fish have gills. A rainbow trout is a type of fish. Therefore, a rainbow trout has gills.' This is an example of which of the following? a)Valid Argument b)Inductive reasoning c)Propositional Logic d)Deductive reasoning

d)Inductive reasoning

'Renee is a safe driver. Renee drives at the speed limit. Therefore, all safe drivers operate their vehicles at the speed limit.' This is an example of which of the following? a)Propositional Logic b)Deductive reasoning c)Valid Argument d)Inductive reasoning

d)Because changes in the independent variable appear to cause changes in the dependent variable.

A scientist finishes an experiment, and concludes that there is a causal link between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Why might they come to this conclusion? a)Because they notice changes in the independent variable. b)Because changes in the dependent variable appear to cause changes in the independent variable. c)Because they notice changes in the dependent variable. d)Because changes in the independent variable appear to cause changes in the dependent variable.

a)Because the weight will be influenced by an outside factor that the scientist controls.

A scientist is designing an experiment with rats, and designates weight as the dependent variable. Why might this be the case? a)Because the weight will be influenced by an outside factor that the scientist controls. b)Because weight cannot be controlled by the scientist. c)Because weight can easily be controlled by the scientist. d)Because the weight will be the factor that the scientist controls.

a)An argument based on mathematics

If I calculate how many ounces are in 12 pounds, what form of deductive reasoning am I using? a)An argument based on mathematics b)An argument based on ethics c)None of the answers are correct. d)An argument based on elimination

d)a bad argument

If an argument is invalid, that means that it is _____. a)a logical argument b)a good argument c)a thoughtful argument d)a bad argument

it is inappropriate to share private information on Twitter Next

If posting on Twitter is similar to shouting information in public, using this analogy, we can reason that _____. a)what is posted on Twitter is private and no one else's business b)shouting in public should be done in 140 characters or less c)there is no reason to watch what you say on Twitter d)it is inappropriate to share private information on Twitter

c)May or may not be true

In inductive reasoning, if the premise is valid, then the conclusion: a)Must be false b)Must be true c)May or may not be true d)None of the answers are correct

b)Politics; religion; ideology; false d)Science; philosophy; belief; false

Inductive reasoning is often used in ____ and ____ since it provides evidence for a(n) ____, even though that belief may someday be found to be ____. a)Logic; philosophy; belief; a fact b)Politics; religion; ideology; false c)Science; religion; truism; true d)Science; philosophy; belief; false

a)Specific; general

Inductive reasoning works from ____ observations to a(n) ____ conclusion. a)Specific; general b)Specific; absolute c)General; potential d)General; specific

d)Faulty

Luck and superstition are examples of _____ causal reasoning. a)Joint Method of Agreement and Difference b)Method of Agreement c)Method of Difference d)Faulty

b)Non-sequitur

Nonsense analysis of two or more facts is also known by what term? a)Strawman b)Non-sequitur c)Hasty generalization d)Ad hominem

a)the comparison of two similar things to explain, understand, or persuade

Reasoning by analogy is _____. a)the comparison of two similar things to explain, understand, or persuade b)the comparison of two dissimilar items to illuminate an idea c)the use of a series of examples to explain a concept d)the use of personal stories to make an idea relevant

a)All of the answers are correct

Report an Errorquestion 3 of 5 To be valid, inductive reasoning must contain supporting evidence and premises that are which of the following? a)All of the answers are correct b)Unbiased c)Based on a large enough sampling of factors d)Relevant

c)Valid inference

The truth of the premises would necessitate that the conclusion be true is known as having a/n _____. a)Propositional logic form b)Deductive reasoning tactic c)Valid inference d)Inductive reasoning tactic

a)precedent

The use of reasoning by analogy in law is known as appeal to _____. a)precedent b)original intent c)evidence d)textualism

a)We can reasonably conclude that Shelly will be happy.

Using inductive validity, which is the most likely answer to the following questions? Shelly always seems happy. Shelly will seem what today? a)We can reasonably conclude that Shelly will be happy. b)We can reasonably conclude that today is Shelly's day to snap. Take cover. c)People have mistaken Shelly's cues. She can't be that happy. d)Shelly is a phony. She isn't really happy. e)Everybody has a bad day some times. Since Shelly has had so many good days, this one is going to be bad.

b)Premise, supporting information, and conclusion

Valid inductive reasoning has three elements, which are: a)Premise, deduction, and conclusion b)Premise, supporting information, and conclusion c)Premise, validity, and viability d)Premise, supporting information, and validity

d)Stated and implied.

What are the two types of premises an argument can have? a)Stated and repeated. b)Spoken and mimed. c)Covered and hidden. d)Stated and implied. e)Simple and complex.

b)A random sample of significant size

What do you need to make a reasonable generalization in a survey? a)A statistically biased sample. b)A random sample of significant size c)Personal experience as a member of the group d)A group that does not represent the population.

d)To reason from specific to general.

What does it mean to reason inductively? a)To reason from general to specific b)To reason about samples and generalities c)To reason using analogies. d)To reason from specific to general.

c)Independent variable

What is a condition or piece of data in an experiment that can be controlled or changed? a)Positive correlation b)Negative correlation c)Independent variable d)Dependent variable

a)It is impossible for the conclusion to be true if the premise is false

What is deductive validity? a)It is impossible for the conclusion to be true if the premise is false b)If a premise is true, the conclusion must be false. c)If the conclusion is true, the premise must be false. d)We should divide information into reasonable examples.

a)Negative correlation

What is it called when dependent variables and independent variables in a data set either increase or decrease opposite from one another? a)Negative correlation b)Independent variables c)Positive correlation d)Dependent variables

d)Identify the conclusion.

What is the first step in evaluating reasoning in an essay or article? a)Identify the premise. b)Reject or accept the conclusion. c)Evaluate the information. d)Identify the conclusion. e)Begin with a counter argument.

a)A very strong correlation and/or a cause-and-effect relationship

What kind of relationship is assumed in a causal argument? a)A very strong correlation and/or a cause-and-effect relationship b)Causation without representation c)Calculations from data d)Casual encounters with one group that are expanded to represent more formal experiences

c)Have a control group

What method can you use to determine whether a trait in a group is unique to that group in a study? a)Have a large sample size b)Examine the margin of error c)Have a control group d)Use anecdotes

b)Stereotype

What type of inductive generalization makes an assumption about a group from limited experience? a)Study b)Stereotype c)Survey d)Anecdote

d)Method of Difference

Which method of causal reasoning seeks to only establish factors present in one outcome that are absent in the opposite result? a)Method of Concomitant Variation b)Method of Agreement c)Joint Method of Agreement and Difference d)Method of Difference

d)This teddy bear is about the same size as the other one. They will likely fit the same in my child's arms.

Which of the following is an argument from analogy? a)18% of people we surveyed who own a tablet use it primarily to read books they've downloaded. This means that they have probably installed an app specifically for reading books. b)None of the answers are correct. c)I can't hear anything with that music playing so loudly. If I turned it down, I would hear other noises better. d)This teddy bear is about the same size as the other one. They will likely fit the same in my child's arms.

c)An argument intended to demonstrate the likely or probable conclusion

Which of the following is the best description of an inductive argument? a)An argument intended to provide several possibilities for a conclusion, without committing to any one belief b)An argument intended to demonstrate the necessarily and only possible conclusion c)An argument intended to demonstrate the likely or probable conclusion d)None of the answers are correct.

d)If the premises are valid, the conclusion of a deductive argument is viewed as guaranteed and not simply the likely case.

Which of the following is the best description of deductive arguments? a)Deductive arguments tend to start with specific details that lead to more generalized conclusions. b)The conclusion of a deductive is viewed as the likely case but not guaranteed. c)None of the answers are correct. d)If the premises are valid, the conclusion of a deductive argument is viewed as guaranteed and not simply the likely case.

a)All snakes are reptiles. All reptiles are vertebrates. Therefore, all snakes are vertebrates.

Which of the following is the best example of a categorical syllogism? a)All snakes are reptiles. All reptiles are vertebrates. Therefore, all snakes are vertebrates. b)I know two out of three answers on a test are incorrect, so I'll choose the remaining option. c)If I drive to work, then I won't take the bus home. d)All of the answers are correct.

d)My next door neighbor is always grouchy. Therefore, he is never in a good mood.

Which of the following is the best example of a deductive argument from definition? a)Listening to music at high volumes can cause hearing loss. Hearing loss can create challenges. I should avoid listening to music at high volumes. b)Speaking in public can be anxiety-inducing. I don't want to feel anxious. Therefore, I'll avoid speaking in public. c)Horse-related activities are risky. Skiing is risky. Skiing is a horse-related activity. d)My next door neighbor is always grouchy. Therefore, he is never in a good mood.

b)Most of the millennials I know prefer streaming movies rather than buying them, so that is probably true of most of that generation.

Which of the following is the best example of a generalization? a)None of the answers are correct. b)Most of the millennials I know prefer streaming movies rather than buying them, so that is probably true of most of that generation. c)An expert in forensic science has argued that technology is changing so rapidly, their field is advancing at an incredible speed, compared with 10 years ago. d)75% of adults over 65 are physically active at least 3 days per week.

a)It's like getting your car in for a tune-up so that it runs smoothly.

You are trying to explain to someone why they should update their computer. Which analogy makes the strongest case? a)It's like getting your car in for a tune-up so that it runs smoothly. b)It's like getting dressed; you need to make sure your outfits match. c)It's like using your computer for word processing. d)It's like optimizing a laser so that it extracts subatomic particles in prime refraction.

d)Propositional Logic

_____ is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or modifying entire propositions, statements or sentences to form more complicated propositions, statements or sentences. a)Valid Argument b)Performance Logic c)Inductive reasoning d)Propositional Logic

a)A positive correlation, because these describe situations where the dependent variables and the independent variables in a data set increase or decrease together.

A scientist plots data points from an experiment, and notices that the dependent variables and the independent variables in the data set are decreasing together. What kind of correlation have they discovered, and why? a)A positive correlation, because these describe situations where the dependent variables and the independent variables in a data set increase or decrease together. b)A negative correlation, because these describe situations where the dependent variables and the independent variables in a data set decrease together. c)A negative correlation, because these describe situations where the dependent variables in a data set decrease. d)A negative correlation, because these describe situations where the independent variables in a data set decrease.

c)popularity

An analogy is evaluated by looking at all these criteria EXCEPT _____. a)points of difference b)points of similarity c)popularity d)relevance

a)Reasoning

Beth had to work late and does not have time to go to the gym and run errands before picking up her daughter from daycare. Beth decides to run a couple of errands on the way to the daycare center since she needs to pick up her dry cleaning and prescriptions before going out of town on business later in the week. The process that Beth went through to reach her decision is known as which of the following? a)Reasoning b)Propositional Logic c)Deductive reasoning d)Valid Argument

b)no

Can a logical conclusion be drawn based on a faulty premise? a)Premises cannot be faulty b)no c)yes d)Only if the other premise is correct

d)Cause and Effect

Causal reasoning uses logic and facts to determine _____ relationships. a)Past and Future b)Necessary and Dependent c)Positive and Negative d)Cause and Effect

Hypothetical syllogism

Choose the answer that best reflects the type of argument in the following statement: If I eat all of the cookies, there will be no more cookies left. If there are no more cookies left, then my roommate is going to be furious. Therefore, if I eat all the cookies, my roommate is going to be furious. a)Argument by elimination b)Hypothetical syllogism c)Argument from definition d)Argument based on mathematics

a)Predictive argument

Choose which type of pattern is used in the following argument: The last five times my neighbor borrowed my tools, they were broken when they were returned to me. It's likely that if I lend my neighbor my other tools, they will get broken too. a)Predictive argument b)Argument from authority c)Argument from analogy d)All of the answers are correct.

d)This argument has deductive validity: The facts are true and the conclusion is logical. c)This argument is invalid: The facts are true, but the analysis/conclusion is clearly illogical.

Evaluate this argument: FACT/PREMISE #1: All Toyota Camrys are motor vehicles. FACT/PREMISE #2: All Toyota Camrys have four wheels. ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION: All motor vehicles have four wheels. a)This argument is invalid: Fact/premise #1 is false. b)This argument is invalid: Fact/premise #2 is false. c)This argument is invalid: The facts are true, but the analysis/conclusion is clearly illogical. d)This argument has deductive validity: The facts are true and the conclusion is logical.