ch.5-7

algoritm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

positive punishment

Positive punishment: something is "added" to the mix that makes the behavior less likely to continue or reoccur (i.e., an unpleasant consequence is introduced to the subject to discourage their behavior).

positive reinforcement

Positive reinforcement: something is added to the mix that makes the behavior more likely to continue or reoccur (i.e., a pleasant consequence is introduced to the subject to encourage their behavior).

variable-interval schedule

Variable-Interval Schedules Variable-interval schedules occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response. An example of this would be delivering a food pellet to a ​rat after the first bar press following a one-minute interval; a second pellet for the first response following a five-minute interval; and a third pellet for the first response following a three-minute interval.

Chapter 7: Cognition/Thinking

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planning fallacy

the tendency for people to be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly they can complete a project

Framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

fixed-ratio schedule

Fixed-Ratio Schedules Fixed-ratio schedules are those in which a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. This schedule produces a high, steady rate of responding with only a brief pause after the delivery of the reinforcer. An example of a fixed-ratio schedule would be delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar five times.

fixed-interval schedule

Fixed-Interval Schedules Fixed-interval schedules are those where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. This schedule causes high amounts of responding near the end of the interval but much slower responding immediately after the delivery of the reinforcer. An example of this in a lab setting would be reinforcing a rat with a lab pellet for the first bar press after a 30-second interval has elapsed.

five: classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Little Albert Experiment

1920 - Watson - classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby - a white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat. Thus equaling a fear of anything associatively furry.

Chapter 5 Learning Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, or Both Conditioned response Conditioned stimulus "Gambling reinforcement schedule" Little Albert experiment Punishment Schedules of Reinforcement: Fixed interval Fixed ratio Variable interval Variable ratio Chapter 6 Memory Alan Baddeley Atkinson & Shiffrin Elizabeth Loftus Eyewitness testimony; lost in the mall study & Bugs Bunny at Disney Forgetting George Miller Hermann Ebbinghaus Levels of Processing Approach Multi-store model of memory Primacy Effect Recency Effect Serial Position Effect Chapter 7 Cognition-Thinking Algorithm Framing Heuristic Planning Fallacy

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Conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR) In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) is the learned response (reflexive behavior) to a conditioned stimulus (CS). ... For example, a dog salivates (UR) from the smell of a bone (US) naturally, without any conditioning.

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement CRF

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement (CRF) Within an educational setting, a CRF would mean that the teacher would deliver reinforcement after every correct response from their student/s. For example, if you were teaching a student to read the letters A, B, C, and D, then everytime you presented one of these letters to your student and they correctly read the letter then you would deliver reinforcement.

fixed-interval schedule

Fixed-Interval Schedule (FI) A fixed-interval schedule means that reinforcement becomes available after a specific period of time. The schedule is abbreviated into "FI" followed by the amount of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes available, e.g. an FI2 would mean reinforcement becomes available after 2 minutes has passed; an FI20 means 20 minutes must pass and so on. A common misunderstanding is that reinforcement is automatically delivered at the end of this interval but this is not the case. Reinforcement only becomes available to be delivered and would only be given if the target behaviour is emitted at some stage after the time interval has ended.

fixed-ratio schedule

Fixed-Ratio Schedule (FR) A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement means that reinforcement should be delivered after a constant or "fixed" number of correct responses. For example, a fixed ratio schedule of 2 means reinforcement is delivered after every 2 correct responses. The chosen number could be 5, 10, 20 or it could be 100 or more; there is no limit but the number must be defined.

Variant (Gambling) reinforcement schedule

In a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, the number of responses needed for a reward varies. This is the most powerful partial reinforcement schedule. An example of the variable ratio reinforcement schedule is gambling

Conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulusis a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

continuous reinforcement

In continuous reinforcement, the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. This schedule is best used during the initial stages of learning to create a strong association between the behavior and response. Imagine, for example, that you are trying to teach a dog to shake your hand. During the initial stages of learning, you would stick to a continuous reinforcement schedule to teach and establish the behavior.

"Gambling reinforcement schedule"

In operant conditioning, a variable-ratio schedule is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a steady, high rate of responding. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule.

negative reinforcement

In psychology, a negative reinforcement can also be something positive. For example taking away chores as a consequence of good behavior.

negative punishment

Negative punishment: something is "taken away" from the mix that makes the behavior less likely to continue or reoccur (i.e., something pleasant is removed from the subject to discourage their behavior).

negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement: something is taken away from the mix that makes the behavior more likely to continue or reoccur (i.e., something unpleasant is removed from the subject to encourage their behavior).

operant conditioning

Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938).

partial reinforcement

Partial Reinforcement Once the response if firmly established, a continuous reinforcement schedule is usually switched to a partial reinforcement schedule. In partial (or intermittent) reinforcement, the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly with partial reinforcement, but the response is more resistant to extinction.

Punishment

Positive Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as "punishment by application." Positive punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when a student talks out of turn in the middle of class, the teacher might scold the child for interrupting her.​​ Negative Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as "punishment by removal." Negative punishment involves taking away a desirable stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when the student from the previous example talks out of turn again, the teacher promptly tells the child that he will have to miss recess because of his behavior.

varied ratio schedule

Variable-Ratio Schedule (VR) When using a variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement the delivery of reinforcement will "vary" but must average out at a specific number. Just like a fixed-ratio schedule, a variable-ratio schedule can be any number but must be defined.

variable-ratio schedule

Variable-Ratio Schedules Variable-ratio schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule. In a lab setting, this might involve delivering food pellets to a rat after one bar press, again after four bar presses, and then again after two bar presses.

variable-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Variable-Interval Schedule (VI) The variable-interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement means the time periods that must pass before reinforcement becomes available will "vary" but must average out at a specific time interval. Again the time interval can be any number but must be defined.

Heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms